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| 通过遥感对矿产资源开采中环境影响的研究--以阜新煤矿和排山楼金矿为例 | |
| 引用本文： | 王恩德.通过遥感对矿产资源开采中环境影响的研究--以阜新煤矿和排山楼金矿为例[J].地质与资源,2005,14(1):46-52. |
| 作者姓名： | 王恩德 |
| 作者单位： | 东北大学,资源与土木工程学院,辽宁,沈阳,110004;东北大学,资源与土木工程学院,辽宁,沈阳,110004 |
| 基金项目： | This study was supported by the China Scholarship C ouncil (G rant N o.160),N ational N ature Science Foundation of C hina (G rant N o.400722006)and the K ey Task Project of Science and Technology of Liaoning Province (G rant N o.2001230 |
| 摘 要： | 阜新地区地处华北地台,富含煤和金矿床.呈东西向分布的太古宙和元古宙变质地层在华力西期、印支期和燕山期的变形和岩浆活动中发生隆起.金矿赋存于隆起的前寒武纪变质岩石中.成煤期为晚石炭-早二叠纪、早中侏罗纪、晚侏罗-早白垩纪.阜新煤矿和排山楼金矿是辽宁省的主要煤、金产地. 由于开采物中的有用物质只占很小的比例,因此提取有用物质的方式不可避免地要破坏当地的环境.矿山开采的每一步骤都对环境产生着负面影响.应用遥感资料进行矿山管理,是采用基于地表物体光谱反射的可视近红外(VNIR)遥感和短波红外(SWIR)遥感,以及基于物体热发光的热红外(TIR)遥感,利用不同的地表光谱反射,将相似的物体区分、分类、填图,并进行土地资源分析.野外工作包括在阜新煤矿和排山楼金矿确定岩石蚀变类型,采集标本,构造测量,对矿山环境进行数码拍照.陆地卫星MSS、TM和ETM+数据是分析研究的基础.应用ERDAS IMAGING软件处理卫星数据.并用ERDAS MapSheets和ViewFinder软件划图.应用各种图像处理技术进行图像增强和物体分辨.从卫星图像上直接测量排山楼金矿和阜新煤矿露天采场的多边形周长和面积.从卫星图像上可以看出,阜新煤矿从1980年到2000年环境的恶化.矿山开采产生的废矿堆不仅对矿区造成破坏,由于它们邻近市区,也通过视觉污染和噪音污染构成了潜在的环境污染源.开采活动对环境影响的另一个方面就是地面下沉,这是由地下开采造成的.它对地表的影响是明显的.本研究的重点是煤矿开采造成的地面下沉.与金矿脉的开采不同,煤矿的开采要移去数米厚的整个煤层.其结果不可避免地导致上覆地层的垮塌.排山楼金矿和阜新煤矿的另一个环境污染源来自矿石的处理(提纯和浓缩).金矿和煤矿都采用重力分离和浮选的方法.排山楼金矿目前采用先进的氰化-碳吸附选矿方法.作为补救措施，现在对用于浮选的化学剂的选择不仅要考虑其效益，而且要将其对环境的损害降到最低.尾矿处理也是影响环境的一个重要问题.阜新煤矿和排山楼金矿通常将尾矿倾倒地附近的人工坑内.这些区域虽然不至于对景观造成严重破坏，但很难在其表面恢复植被.而且，从该区域排出的水含有强酸和有毒的金属离子，一旦流入自然水系，将给水生生物造成大面积损害.堆放尾矿的区域一旦干燥，将产生另一个环境问题——粉尘污染.基于这些发现，提出如下建议： （ 1）采矿过程中环境不断恶化的事实说明，两个矿山在控制露天开采方面仍有不足.虽然移动矿体上覆岩石或盖层是矿山开采的必要前提，但矿产资源的采掘必须对自然的保护给予更多的重视.应更加注重盖层的回填，植被、湿地、沼泽的恢复，控制溢出物，合理利用废物. （2）地方政府应参与地区内矿产资源开发项目的立项、审批工作.政府在法律框架内干预、控制矿山开采行为中的环境和土地利用问题. |
| 关 键 词： | 陆地卫星 MSS、TM和 ETM+数据 废矿堆 脉石 土地恢复 |
| 收稿时间： | 2004-01-14 |
REMOTELY SENSED SPATIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS DURING EXTRACTION OF MINERAL AND ENERGY RESOURCES: Case Studies of Fuxin Coal Mine and Paishanlou Gold Mine, China |
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| Malogo J.M.Kongola,WANG En-de.REMOTELY SENSED SPATIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS DURING EXTRACTION OF MINERAL AND ENERGY RESOURCES: Case Studies of Fuxin Coal Mine and Paishanlou Gold Mine, China[J].Geology and Resources,2005,14(1):46-52. | |
| Authors: | Malogo JMKongola WANG En-de |
| Institution: | Institute of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110004, China |
| Abstract: | The main purpose of this study was to apply remote sensing techniques in assessing spatial environmental effects caused by extraction of mineral and energy resources, with two case studies of the Fuxin Coal Mining Group and Paishanlou Gold Mine, in China. Landsat MSS, TM and ETM+ imageries were used in this study. The used image enhancement and processing techniques were contrast stretching, density slicing, spatial altering and color composites. With enhanced imageries, different surficial materials were recognized. It was found that, as a result of the rated spatial resolution for Landsat TM data, areas over 900 m2 (30 × 30 m) in size could be detected with high accuracy, but those under that threshold could hardly be detected. Following the fact that the dimensions of almost all of features were above the 900 m2 threshold, Landsat TM and ETM+ data were judged suitable in this study. This observation indicates that Landsat TM and ETM+ imageries can adequately be used for mapping and assessing environmental changes at PGM and FCMG. Furthermore, the use of satellite data in environmental studies is effective, quick and less labor intensive. |
| Keywords: | Landsat TM and ETM+ spoil heap gangue land reclamation |
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