Review on North Pacific Subtropical Countercurrents and Subtropical Fronts: role of mode waters in ocean circulation and climate |
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| Authors: | Fumiaki Kobashi Atsushi Kubokawa |
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| Institution: | (1) Faculty of Marine Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Etchujima 2-1-6, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8533, Japan;(2) Research Institute for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka, Japan;(3) Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan |
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| Abstract: | A Subtropical Countercurrent (STCC) is a narrow eastward jet on the equator side of a subtropical gyre, flowing against the
broad westward Sverdrup flow. Together with theories, recent enhanced observations and model simulations have revealed the
importance of mode waters in the formation and variability of North Pacific STCCs. There are three distinct STCCs in the North
Pacific, maintained by low potential vorticity (PV) that mode waters carry from the north. Model simulations show that changes
in mode water ventilation result in interannual to interdecadal variations and long-term changes of STCCs. STCCs affect the
atmosphere through their surface thermal effects, inducing anomalous cyclonic wind curl and precipitation along them. Thus,
mode waters are not merely passive water masses but have dynamical and climatic effects. For temporal variability, atmospheric
forcings are also suggested to be important in addition to the variability of mode waters. STCCs exist in other oceans and
they are also flanked by mode waters on their poleward sides, suggesting that they are maintained by similar dynamics. |
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