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Erosion calderas: origins, processes, structural and climatic control |
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| Authors: | Dávid Karátson Jean-Claude Thouret Ichio Moriya Alejandro Lomoschitz |
| Institution: | Department of Physical Geography, E?tv?s University, H-1083 Budapest, Ludovika tér 2, Hungary dkarat@ludens.elte.hu, HU Université Blaise Pascal, Center de Recherches Volcanologiques, 5 Rue Kessler, Clermont-Ferrand Cedex 1, France, FR Department of Geography, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, 920-11 Kanazawa, Japan, JP Departamento de Ingeniería Civil, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, E-35017 Las Palmas, Spain, ES |
| Abstract: | The origin and development of erosion-modified, erosion-transformed, and erosion-induced depressions in volcanic terrains are reviewed and systematized. A proposed classification, addressing terminology issues, considers structural, geomorphic, and climatic factors that contribute to the topographic modification of summit or flank depressions on volcanoes. Breaching of a closed crater or caldera generated by volcanic or non-volcanic processes results in an outlet valley. Under climates with up to ∼2000–2500 mm annual rainfall, craters, and calderas are commonly drained by a single outlet. The outlet valley can maintain its dominant downcutting position because it quickly enlarges its drainage basin by capturing the area of the primary depression. Multi-drained volcanic depressions can form if special factors, e.g., high-rate geological processes, such as faulting or glaciation, suppress fluvial erosion. Normal (fluvial) erosion-modified volcanic depressions the circular rim of which is derived from the original rim are termed erosion craters or erosion calderas, depending on the pre-existing depression. The resulting landform should be classed as an erosion-induced volcanic depression if the degradation of a cluster of craters produces a single-drained, irregular-shaped basin, or if flank erosion results in a quasi-closed depression. Under humid climates, craters and calderas degrade at a faster rate. Mostly at subtropical and tropical ocean-island and island-arc volcanoes, their erosion results in so-called amphitheater valleys that develop under heavy rainfall (>∼2500 mm/year), rainstorms, and high-elevation differences. Structural and lithological control, and groundwater in ocean islands, may in turn preform and guide development of high-energy valleys through rockfalls, landsliding, mudflows, and mass wasting. Given the intense erosion, amphitheater valleys are able to breach a primary depression from several directions and degrade the summit region at a high rate. Occasionally, amphitheater valleys may create summit depressions without a pre-existing crater or caldera. The resulting, negative landforms, which may drain in several directions and the primary origin of which is commonly unrecognizable, should be included in erosion-transformed volcanic depressions. Received: 4 January 1998 / Accepted: 18 January 1999 |
| Keywords: | Erosion caldera Erosion crater Degradation and drainage of volcanoes Volcanic geomorphology |
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