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Composition of Pacific Ocean ferromanganese nodules

Authors:	David Z Piper Michael E Williamson

Institution:	Department of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash. 98195 U.S.A.

Abstract:	Bulk composition of ferromanganese nodules from the pelagic environment of the Pacific Ocean is apparently related to nodule-growth rate, sediment-accumulation rate, and biologic productivity in the overlying seawater. Nodules with a high $Mn Fe$ ratio and high Ni and Cu concentrations tend to occur in areas where primary productivity in the surface layer of the ocean is high and the sediment-accumulation rate low. Nodules with a low $Mn Fe$ ratio and low Ni and Cu concentrations occur in areas either where sediment-accumulation rate is high or biologic productivity is low. They may have a $Mn Fe$ ratio as low as one and accrete at rates as low as $1 mm 10^{6} yrs$ . Nodules with a larger $Mn Fe$ ratio apparently have growth rates that are greater by as much as a factor of 10.

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