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Marine ecosystems’ responses to climatic and anthropogenic forcings in the Mediterranean |
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| Institution: | a CEFREM, CNRS-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan, France b LOV, CNRS-Université Pierre et Marie Curie, BP 8, 06238 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France c LOCEAN, IPSL, CNRS-Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Case 100, 4, Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France d LOBP, CNRS-IRD-Université de la Méditerranée, COM, Campus de Luminy, Case 901, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France e LOBP, CNRS-IRD-Université de la Méditerranée, Antenne de Toulon, Base IFREMER, BP330, 83507 La Seyne sur Mer, France f LMGEM, CNRS-Université de la Méditerranée, COM, Campus de Luminy, Case 901, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France g LOMIC, CNRS-Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Observatoire Océanologique, Laboratoire Arago, Avenue du Fontaulé, 66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France h CEDB, University West Florida, Bldg 58, 11000 University Parkway, Pensacola, FL 32514, USA i LA, CNRS-Université de Toulouse, 14 Avenue Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France j E.C. Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, 21027 Ispra, Italy k Department of Marine Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-3636, USA l Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy m LSCE, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ/IPSL, Avenue de la Terrasse, Bât 12, 91190 Gif sur Yvette, France n IMAGES, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan, France o LBCM, IFREMER-Centre Méditerranée, BP 330, 83507 La Seyne sur Mer, France p CEREGE, CNRS-Université Paul Cézanne, Europôle Méditerranéen de l’Arbois, BP 80, Code Postal, 13545 Aix en Provence Cedex 04, France q LERCM, IRSN, Base IFREMER, BP 330, 83507 La Seyne sur Mer, France r LBCO, IFREMER, rue de l’Ile d’Yeu, BP 21105, 44311 Nantes Cedex 03, France s LERCM, IRSN Cadarache BP2, Bat. 153, 13108 Saint Paul lez Durance Cedex, France t LRH, Ifremer, Station de Sète, Bd Jean Monnet, BP 171, 34203 Sète Cedex, France u DIMAR, CNRS-Université de la Méditerranée, Station Marine d’Endoume, Chemin de la Batterie des Lions, 13007 Marseille, France v CBETM, CNRS-EPHE-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan Cedex, France w Biogéochimie et Ecotoxicologie, Ifremer Centre de Brest, BP 70, 29280 Plouzané, France x SAE, CNRS-Universite de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 28 Avenue Valrose, BP 71, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France y IPSO FACTO, 4, rue de Tilsit, 13006 Marseille, France z PML, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK aa Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Catalunya, Spain ab 8, Allée des Orangers, 06320 Cap d’Ail, France ac HSM, Université de Montpellier, Case MSE, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France ad ECOMERS, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 28 Avenue Valrose, BP 71, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France ae BOME, Biologie des Organismes Marins et Ecosystèmes, UMR 5178, 7 rue Cuvier, CP 32, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France af LRH, 150 quai Gambetta, BP 699, 62 321 Boulogne/mer, France ag ECOSYM, Université de Montpellier-CNRS-IFREMER-IRD 2, Place Eugene Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France ah Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Observatoire Océanologique de Villefranche, 06238 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France ai LECOB, CNRS-Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Observatoire Océanologique, Laboratoire Arago, Avenue du Fontaulé, 66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France aj CERES/ERTI, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France ak EME, Université de Montpellier 2, Avenue Jean Monnet, BP 171, 34203 Sète Cedex, France al LOG-ULCO, CNRS-Université Lille Nord de France, 62930, Wimereux, France |
| Abstract: | The semi-enclosed nature of the Mediterranean Sea, together with its smaller inertia due to the relative short residence time of its water masses, make it highly reactive to external forcings, in particular variations of water, energy and matter fluxes at the interfaces. This region, which has been identified as a “hotspot” for climate change, is therefore expected to experience environmental impacts that are considerably greater than those in many other places around the world. These natural pressures interact with the increasing demographic and economic developments occurring heterogeneously in the coastal zone, making the Mediterranean even more sensitive. This review paper aims to provide a review of the state of current functioning and responses of Mediterranean marine biogeochemical cycles and ecosystems with respect to key natural and anthropogenic drivers and to consider the ecosystems’ responses to likely changes in physical, chemical and socio-economical forcings induced by global change and by growing anthropogenic pressure at the regional scale. The current knowledge on and expected changes due to single forcing (hydrodynamics, solar radiation, temperature and acidification, chemical contaminants) and combined forcing (nutrient sources and stoichiometry, extreme events) affecting the biogeochemical fluxes and ecosystem functioning are explored. Expected changes in biodiversity resulting from the combined action of the different forcings are proposed. Finally, modeling capabilities and necessity for modeling are presented. A synthesis of our current knowledge of expected changes is proposed, highlighting relevant questions for the future of the Mediterranean ecosystems that are current research priorities for the scientific community. Finally, we discuss how these priorities can be approached by national and international multi-disciplinary research, which should be implemented on several levels, including observational studies and modeling at different temporal and spatial scales. |
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