Residuelle Spannungen in quarzreichen Gesteinen Röntgendiffraktometrische Messung und Erklärungsmöglichkeiten ihrer Entstehung |
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Authors: | Diplomgeologe Gerhard Reik PhD |
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Institution: | (1) Present address: Abteilung Felsmechanik des Institutes für Bodenmechanik und Felsmechanik der Universität Karlsruhe, West Germany |
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Abstract: | Zusammenfassung Röntgen-Diffraktionsmethoden werden auf dem Gebiet der Metallurgie und Materialforschung in der Keramik seit langem benutzt, um innere Spannungen zu ermitteln, die in vielen Produkten als Folge technologischer Prozesse, wie Schweißen, Rollen, Schleifen, Gießen, Sintern oder dem Härten metallischer Werkstücke, zurückbleiben.Die Anwendung der Methode auf quarzreiche Gesteine — Quarzite und Sandsteine — hat ergeben, daß auch in solchen natürlichen Mineralaggregaten residuelle Spannungen im mikroskopischen Bereich vorhanden sind. Diese Spannungen werden durch Zerstören der Bindungen zwischen Matrix und Korn der Sandsteine abgebaut. Es handelt sich deshalb um in den Mineralaggregaten gespeicherte elastische Formänderungsenergie.Geometrische Zusammenhänge zwischen den Hauptspannungsrichtungen der inneren Spannungen in Quarzkörnern von Siltsteinen und den geologischen Strukturen, denen die Proben entnommen wurden, deuten darauf hin, daß die residuellen Spannungen eine Folge syntektonischer Zementations- und Rekristallisationsprozesse sind.In Modellversuchen ließ sich die Entstehung residueller Spannungen von diesem Typus gut veranschaulichen. Daneben zeigen diese Versuche auch sehr deutlich das in der Entlastungsphase infolge innerer Spannungen entstehende Mikrorißgefüge, das eine Zugfestigkeits- und Steifigkeitsanisotropie des Materials bewirkt.
X-ray diffraction has long been used in Metallurgie and Material Science to determine residual stresses existing in many technological products as a result of processes like welding, hot pressing or heat treatment for example.The use of the X-ray diffraction method in the study of quartzose rocks revealed that residual stresses exist in these natural mineral aggregates at the microscopic level. This internal stress is relieved when the bonds between matrix and grains of the sandstone samples are severed.Geometrical relations existing between directions of largest compression of the quartz grains in siltstone rocks and the geological structures from which the rock samples were extracted, indicate that the residual strains are a cause of de-stressing after a phase of syntectonic cementation or recrystallization processes. The development of residual strain in these rocks can qualitatively be demonstrated in model tests. These tests also indicate, how microcracks and the resulting anisotropy in strength and material stiffness develop in the unloading phase as a result of internal strain in the mineral aggregate.
Résumé En métallurgie et dans l'industrie de la céramique on utilise les méthodes diffractométriques par rayons X pour découvrir des tensions internes résiduaires dans les métaux au cours des procédés technologiques comme la soudure, la trempe, le polissage, le moulage de fonderie.Il résulte de l'application de la méthode à des roches riches en quartz que, même dans les aggrégats naturels de cette sorte, des tensions résiduelles existent à l'échelle microscopique. Ces tensions sont résorbées dans les grés à la suite de la destruction des liaisons entre la matrice et le grain. Il s'agit donc ici d'une énergie de déformation élastique dans les aggrégats minéraux.La liaison géométrique entre les structure géologiques où les spécimens ont été pris, et les directions principales des tensions dans les grains de quartz, montre distinctement que les tensions résiduelles sont un résultat des processus syntectoniques de recristallisation et de cimentation. Dans les essais avec modèles, l'origine des tensions résiduelles de ce type se laisse très bien saisir. En outre ces essais montrent aussi très clairement la structure en microcassures due à des tensions internes engendrées lors de la phase de décharge, et qui influence l'anisotropie du matériau relative à sa cohésion et à sa rigidité.
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![zcy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1079.gif) ![ucy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1091.gif) ![lcy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1100.gif) ![tcy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1090.gif) ![acy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1090.gif) ![scy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1089.gif) ![icy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ncy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1085.gif) ![tcy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1077.gif) ![kcy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1082.gif) ![tcy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ncy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1080.gif) ![chcy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1095.gif) ![iecy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1077.gif) 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![vcy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ncy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1080.gif) ![rcy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1077.gif) ![kcy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1082.gif) ![rcy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1080.gif) ![scy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1090.gif) ![acy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1072.gif) ![lcy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1083.gif) ![lcy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1083.gif) ![icy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1080.gif) ![zcy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1079.gif) ![acy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tscy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1094.gif) ![icy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1080.gif) . ![pcy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1086.gif) ![mcy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1084.gif) ![ocy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1086.gif) ![shchcy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1097.gif) ![softcy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1100.gif) ![mcy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1084.gif) ![ocy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1086.gif) ![dcy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1076.gif) ![iecy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1077.gif) ![lcy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1085.gif) ![acy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1072.gif) ![lcy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1083.gif) ![yacy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1103.gif) ![dcy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ncy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1085.gif) ![pcy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1086.gif) 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![tcy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1090.gif) ![icy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1080.gif) ![pcy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1087.gif) . ![Kcy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1050.gif) ![rcy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1086.gif) ![mcy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1084.gif) ![tcy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1086.gif) ![gcy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1075.gif) , ![ecy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1101.gif) ![tcy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1086.gif) ![pcy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ycy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1099.gif) ![tcy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1090.gif) ![pcy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1086.gif) ![kcy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1082.gif) ![acy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1072.gif) ![zcy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1079.gif) ![ycy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1099.gif) ![vcy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1074.gif) ![acy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1072.gif) ![yucy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1102.gif) , ![chcy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1095.gif) ![tcy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1090.gif) ![pcy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1087.gif) ![iecy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ocy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1086.gif) ![rcy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1072.gif) ![zcy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1079.gif) ![gcy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1075.gif) ![rcy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ucy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1091.gif) 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![icy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1080.gif) ![kcy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1082.gif) ![rcy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1088.gif) -![rcy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1072.gif) ![zcy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1079.gif) ![rcy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ycy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1099.gif) ![vcy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ncy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ycy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1099.gif) ![scy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1090.gif) ![rcy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ucy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1091.gif) ![kcy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1082.gif) ![tcy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ucy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1091.gif) ![rcy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1088.gif) , ![vcy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ycy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1099.gif) ![zcy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1079.gif) ![ycy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1099.gif) ![vcy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1074.gif) ![acy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1072.gif) ![yucy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1102.gif) ![shchcy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1097.gif) ![acy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1080.gif) ![zcy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1079.gif) ![ocy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1086.gif) ![tcy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1090.gif) ![rcy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1086.gif) ![pcy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1087.gif) ![icy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1080.gif) ![rcy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1072.gif) ![scy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1090.gif) ![yacy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1103.gif) ![iecy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1080.gif) ![vcy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ocy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ncy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1080.gif) ![scy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1086.gif) ![pcy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1086.gif) ![gcy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1075.gif) ![acy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1072.gif) ![scy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1089.gif) ![acy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/n90412551w853018/xxlarge1080.gif) .
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