Glacial and deglacial climatic patterns in Australia and surrounding regions from 35?000 to 10?000 years ago reconstructed from terrestrial and near-shore proxy data |
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| Authors: | Martin Williams Ellyn Cook Sander van der Kaars Tim Barrows Jamie Shulmeister Peter Kershaw |
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| Institution: | 1. Geographical and Environmental Studies, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia;2. Centre for Palynology and Palaeoecology, School of Geography and Environmental Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia;3. Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, ACT, Australia;4. Department of Geological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand;1. School of Earth, Environment and Biological Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Gardens Point, Queensland 4000, Australia;2. School of Geography, Planning and Environmental Management, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia;3. National Institute of Water and Atmosphere, Wellington, New Zealand;4. School of Earth & Environmental Sciences (SEES), The University of Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia;5. Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany;6. School of Geography, Environment and Population, The University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia;7. Archaeology and Natural History, The Australian National University, Australia;8. Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile;9. School of Science, Information Technology & Engineering, The University of Ballarat, Ballarat, Victoria 3353, Australia;10. School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Australia;11. College of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4RJ, UK;12. School of the Built and Natural Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK;13. Department of Physical Geography and Quaternary Geology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden;1. Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, 61 Rt. 9W, Palisades, NY 10944, USA;2. Department of Earth Sciences, Climate Change Institute, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA;3. Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA;4. GNS Science, Private Bag 1930, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand;5. Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway;6. Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 95064, USA;7. Antarctic Research Centre, School of Earth Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand;1. Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, 61 Rt. 9W, Palisades, NY 10964, USA;2. School of Earth and Climate Sciences and Climate Change Institute, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA;3. Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA;4. GNS Science, Private Bag 1930, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand;5. Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo 0316, Norway;6. Centre for Glaciology, Department of Geography and Earth Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, SY23 3DB Wales, UK;7. Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 95064, USA;8. CAMS, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA;9. Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre (SUERC), East Kilbride G75 0QF, UK;10. GNS Science, 1 Fairway Drive, PO Box 30-368, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand;11. Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID 83415-2107, USA;12. School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK;13. Department of Geology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA;1. Antarctic Research Centre, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand;2. School of Geography Environment and Earth Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand;3. Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University P.O. Box 1000, Palisades, NY 10964, USA;4. GNS Science, P.O. Box 30-368, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand;1. Centre for Environmental Management, School of Science, Information Technology and Engineering, University of Ballarat, Ballarat, VIC 3353, Australia;2. National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington, New Zealand;3. Research School of Earth Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia;4. Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, United Kingdom;5. School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Wollongong, Australia;6. Antarctic Research Centre, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand;7. Department of Resource Management and Geography, The University of Melbourne, Australia;8. Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany;9. Department of Environmental Science, William Patterson University, Wayne, NJ, USA;10. School of Culture, History and Language, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia;11. Department of Physical Geography and Quaternary Geology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden;12. Catchment to Reef Research Group, TropWATER, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia;13. School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia;14. Climate Research Group, School of Geography, Planning and Environmental Management, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia;15. Centre for Palynology and Palaeoecology, Department of Geography and Environmental Science, Monash University, Australia;p. Cluster Earth & Climate, Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands;1. GNS Science, 1 Fairway Drive, PO Box 30-368, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand;2. School of Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand;3. Department of Earth Sciences, Climate Change Institute, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA;4. School of Geography, Archaeology and Palaeoecology, Queen''s University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK;5. GNS Science, 764 Cumberland Street, Private Bag 1930, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand |
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| Abstract: | This study forms part of a wider investigation of late Quaternary environments in the Southern Hemisphere. We here review the terrestrial and near-shore proxy data from Australia, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea (PNG), New Zealand and surrounding oceans during 35–10 ka, an interval spanning the lead-up to the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), the LGM proper (21 ± 2 ka), and the ensuing deglaciation. Sites selected for detailed discussion have a continuous or near continuous sedimentary record for this time interval, a stratigraphically consistent chronology, and one or more sources of proxy climatic data. Tropical Australia, Indonesia and PNG had LGM mean annual temperatures 3–7 °C below present values and summer precipitation reduced by at least 30%, consistent with a weaker summer monsoon and a northward displacement of the Intertropical Convergence Zone. The summer monsoon was re-established in northwest Australia by 14 ka. Precipitation in northeast Australia was reduced to less than 50% of present values until warmer and wetter conditions resumed at 17–16 ka, followed by a second warmer, wetter phase at 15–14 ka. LGM temperatures were up to 8 °C lower than today in mainland southeast Australia and up to 4 °C cooler in Tasmania. Winter rainfall was much reduced throughout much of southern Australia although periodic extreme flood events are evident in the fluvial record. Glacial advances in southeast Australia are dated to 32 ± 2.5, 19.1 ± 1.6 and 16.8 ± 1.4 ka, with periglacial activity concentrated towards 23–16 ka. Deglaciation was rapid in the Snowy Mountains, which were ice-free by 15.8 ka. Minimum effective precipitation in southern Australia was from 14 to 12 ka. In New Zealand the glacial advances date to ～28, 21.5 and 19 ka, with the onset of major cooling at ～28 ka, or well before the LGM. There is no convincing evidence for a Younger Dryas cooling event in or around New Zealand, but there are signs of the Antarctic Cold Reversal in and around New Zealand and off southern Australia. There remain unresolved discrepancies between the climates inferred from pollen and those inferred from the beetle and chironomid fauna at a number of New Zealand sites. One explanation may be that pollen provides a generalised regional climatic signal in contrast to the finer local resolution offered by beetles and chironomids. Sea surface temperatures (SSTs) were up to 5 °C cooler during the LGM with rapid warming after 20 ka to attain present values by 15 ka. The increase in summer monsoonal precipitation at or before 15 ka reflects higher insolation, warmer SSTs and steeper thermal gradients between land and sea. The postglacial increase in winter rainfall in southern Australia is probably related to the southward displacement of the westerlies as SSTs around Antarctica became warmer and the winter pack ice and Antarctic Convergence Zone retreated to the south. |
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