Large internal waves in Massachusetts Bay transport sediments offshore |
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| Institution: | 1. US Geological Survey, 384 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA;2. Integrated Statistics, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA;3. Department of Physical Oceanography, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA;1. School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Box 357940, Seattle, WA 98195-7940 USA;2. Dept. of Geology and Geophysics, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467 USA;3. U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Geology, 384 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, MA 02543-1598 USA;1. Physical Oceanography Laboratory/IAOS and Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System/Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Qingdao/Sanya, China;2. Laboratory for Ocean Dynamics and Climate, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China;1. Department of Civil Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Esenler, Istanbul 34210, Turkey;2. IFREMER, Hydrodynamics and Sediment Dynamics Laboratory (DYNECO/PHYSED), BP 70, 29280 Plouzané, France;3. Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure and Environment (ESSIE), University of Florida, 365 Weil Hall, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA;4. School of the Earth, Ocean and Environment, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA;1. Physical Oceanography Laboratory, Ocean University of China, 238 Songling Road, Qingdao 266100, China;2. College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, 238 Songling Road, Qingdao 266100, China;3. Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China;4. College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China;5. Physical Oceanography Laboratory/Qingdao Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Ocean University of China, 238 Songling Road, Qingdao, 266100, China;1. School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000, Zhejiang, China;2. University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2W2, Canada;3. Institute of Marine Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315200, Zhejiang, China;4. School of Hydraulic and Ecological Engineering, Nanchang Institute of Technology, Nanchang, 330099, Jiangxi, China;5. State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210024, Jiangsu, China |
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| Abstract: | A field experiment was carried out in Massachusetts Bay in August 1998 to assess the role of large-amplitude internal waves (LIWs) in resuspending bottom sediments. The field experiment consisted of a four-element moored array extending from just west of Stellwagen Bank (90-m water depth) across Stellwagen Basin (85- and 50-m water depth) to the coast (24-m water depth). The LIWs were observed in packets of 5–10 waves, had periods of 5–10 min and wavelengths of 200–400 m, and caused downward excursions of the thermocline of as much as 30 m. At the 85-m site, the current measured 1 m above bottom (mab) typically increased from near 0 to 0.2 m/s offshore in a few minutes upon arrival of the LIWs. At the 50-m site, the near-bottom offshore flow measured 6 mab increased from about 0.1 to 0.4–0.6 m/s upon arrival of the LIWs and remained offshore in the bottom layer for 1–2 h. The near-bottom currents associated with the LIWs, in concert with the tidal currents, were directed offshore and sufficient to resuspend the bottom sediments at both the 50- and 85-m sites. When LIWs are present, they may resuspend sediments for as long as 5 hours each tidal cycle as they travel westward across Stellwagen Basin. At 85-m water depth, resuspension associated with LIWs is estimated to occur for about 0.4 days each summer, about the same amount of time as caused by surface waves. |
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