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The Dual Sources of Io's Sodium Clouds

Authors:	Jody K WilsonMichael Mendillo Jeffrey BaumgardnerNicholas M Schneider John T TraugerBrian Flynn

Institution:	^a Center for Space Physics, Boston University, 725 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215, f1jkwilson@bu.eduf1 ^b Center for Space Physics, Boston University, 725 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215 ^c Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, 80309-0392 ^d Jet Propulsion Laboratory/Caltech, MS 179-225, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California, 91109 ^e Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720-7450

Abstract:	Io's sodium clouds result mostly from a combination of two atmospheric escape processes at Io. Neutralization of Na⁺ and/or NaX⁺ pickup ions produces the “stream” and the “jet” and results in a rectangular-shaped sodium nebula around Jupiter. Atmospheric sputtering of Na by plasma torus ions produces the “banana cloud” near Io and a diamond-shaped sodium nebula. Charge exchange of thermal Na⁺ with Na in Io's atmosphere does not appear to be a major atmospheric ejection process. The total ejection rate of sodium from Io varied from 3×10²⁶ to 25×10²⁶ atoms/s over seven years of observations. Our results provide further evidence that Io's atmospheric escape is driven from collisionally thick regions of the atmosphere rather than from the exosphere.

Keywords:	Io
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