The impact of conjunctive use of canal and tube well water in Lagar irrigated area,Pakistan |
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| Institution: | 1. Water Resources Management, Department of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands;2. Pesticide Chemistry Laboratory, Plant Protection Division, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology, Pakistan;1. U.S.-Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Water – Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, 76062 Jamshoro, Pakistan;2. CNR – Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 56124 Pisa, Italy;3. Sindh Irrigation Department (SID), Government of Sindh, Pakistan;4. Department of Remote Sensing and Geo-Information Science, Institute of Space Technology, 75270, Pakistan;5. Department of Environmental Engineering and Management (EEM), Asian Institute of Technology (AIT), 12120, Thailand;1. Department of Electrical Engineering, Comsats University, Park Road, Islamabad, Pakistan;2. Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Gujrat, Hafiz Hayat, Gujrat, Pakistan;3. Shifa Tameer e Millat University, Islamabad, Pakistan;1. South Australian Research and Development Institute, GPO Box 397, Adelaide SA 5001, Australia;2. The University of Adelaide, PMB1, Glen Osmond SA 5064, Australia;3. CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 125 004, India;4. CSIRO Land and Water, PMB No. 2, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia;5. Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA;6. School of Natural and Built Environments, University of South Australia, SA 5095, Australia;1. State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agroecosystems, Institute of Arid Agroecology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China;2. Department of Sociology, School of Philosophy and Sociology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China;3. School of Economics, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China;4. School of Computer Science and Technology, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, PR China;1. Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan;2. Soil and Water Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, Tanta, Al Gharbiyah governorate, Egypt;3. Agriculture Department, Government of Punjab, Pakistan;4. Institute of Environmental Science, Hungarian University of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Godollo, Hungary;5. Department of Botany, University of Central Punjab, Bahawalpur, Pakistan |
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| Abstract: | Introduction of the large gravity irrigation system in the Indus Basin in the late 19th century without a drainage system resulted in a rising water table, which resulted in water logging and salinity problems over large areas. In order to cope with the salinity and water logging problem, the Pakistan government initiated installation of 10,000 tube wells in different areas. This not only resulted in the lowering of water table, but also supplemented irrigation. Resulting benefits from the irrigation opportunities motivated framers to install private tube wells. The Punjab area meets 40% of its irrigation needs from groundwater abstraction. Today, farmers apply both surface water flows and groundwater from tube wells, creating a pattern of private and public water control. Sustainable use of groundwater needs proper quantification of the resource and information on processes involved in its recharge and discharge. The field work in the Lagar irrigated area, discussed in this paper, show that within the general picture of conjunctive use of canal water and groundwater, there is a clear spatial pattern between upstream and downstream areas, with upstream areas depending much less on groundwater than downstream areas. The irrigation context in the study area proves to be highly complex, with water users having differential access to canal and tube well water, resulting in different responses of farmers with their irrigation strategies, which in turn affect the salinity and water balances on the fields. |
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