Pseudo-cryptic species Arenicola defodiens and Arenicola marina (Polychaeta: Arenicolidae) in Wadden Sea,North Sea and Skagerrak: Morphological and molecular variation |
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| Authors: | Pieternella C Luttikhuizen Rob Dekker |
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| Institution: | 1. Johann Heinrich von Thünen-Institut, Institute of Sea Fisheries, Palmaille 9, 22767 Hamburg, Germany;2. Senckenberg am Meer, Marine Research Dept., 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany;1. Environmental and Marine Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Artillerigatan 6, 20520 Åbo, Finland;2. Department of Estuarine and Delta Systems, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ) and Utrecht University, 4400AC Yerseke, The Netherlands;3. Wageningen Marine Research, Wageningen University and Research, Yerseke, The Netherlands;4. Novia University of Apllied Sciences, 10600 Ekenäs, Finland;5. Tvärminne Zoological Station, University of Helsinki, J.A. Palméns väg 260, 10900 Hangö, Finland;6. DTED Hydronamic, Royal Boskalis Westminster N.V., Rosmolenweg 20, 3356 LK Papendrecht, The Netherlands;7. International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES), H. C. Andersens Boulevard 44-46, 1553 Copenhagen, Denmark;8. Baltic Sea Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden;1. Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (UPCH), Av. Honorio Delgado 430, Distrito de Lima, Peru;2. Laboratorio de Modelado Oceanográfico, Ecosistémico y del Cambio Climático (LMOECC), Instituto del Mar del Peru (IMARPE), Esquina Gamarra y General Valle S/N Chucuito Callao, Peru;3. Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMMISCO, Sorbonne Université, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Campus international UCAD/IRD de Hann, Dakar, Senegal.;4. Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR LOCEAN, Sorbonne Universités (UPMC)/CNRS/MNHN, Paris 75252, France;5. Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UBO, CNRS, Ifremer, LEMAR, IUEM, Plouzané, France;6. Laboratorio de Ecofisiologia Acuatica, Instituto del Mar del Peru (IMARPE), Esquina Gamarra y General Valle S/N Chucuito Callao, Peru;7. Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Av. La Molina s/n La Molina, Peru;8. Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Sorbonne Université, Unité de Modélisation Mathématique et Informatique des Systèmes Complexes, UMMISCO, F-93143, Bondy, France |
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| Abstract: | The polychaete Arenicola defodiens, or black lug, was recently described as a morphologically highly similar species alongside the blow lug Arenicola marina. So far it was only known from the British Isles. A double spawning peak was observed earlier in lugworms of the western Wadden Sea. Here, we test the hypothesis that the two spawning peaks represent the two species in sympatry. This hypothesis is refuted on the basis of both morphological and mitochondrial DNA data; both spawning peaks are attributed to A. marina. In spite of this, we confirm, on the basis of new collections as well as re-examination of museum collections, the presence of A. defodiens in the western Wadden Sea, North Sea and also the Skagerrak; its distribution is restricted to habitats which are either submerged or have short emersion times, have relatively coarse sediments and high and stable salinities. Sympatry is common. The species differ strongly in the mitochondrial DNA fragment examined; the observed 14% uncorrected minimum difference amounts to an estimated 33–63 million years since sequence divergence. The amount of intraspecific molecular variation is larger for A. defodiens than for A. marina. This is evidence to suggest that A. marina may have undergone more recent and/or more severe population size bottlenecks. |
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