Estimating absolute salinity (SA) in the world׳s oceans using density and composition |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada;2. Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Lake Research, D-39114 Magdeburg, Germany;3. University of Michigan Water Center, Graham Sustainability Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48103, USA;4. Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada;1. Université Lille Nord de France, Université Lille 1 Sciences et Technologies, Laboratoire d''Océanologie et de Géosciences, CNRS, UMR 8187, Station Marine de Wimereux, 28 Avenue Foch, 62930 Wimereux, France;2. Université Lille Nord de France, Université du Littoral Côte d''Opale, Laboratoire d''Océanologie et de Géosciences, CNRS, UMR 8187, Maison de la Recherche en Environnement Naturel, 32 Avenue Foch, 62930 Wimereux, France |
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| Abstract: | The practical (Sp) and reference (SR) salinities do not account for variations in physical properties such as density and enthalpy. Trace and minor components of seawater, such as nutrients or inorganic carbon affect these properties. This limitation has been recognized and several studies have been made to estimate the effect of these compositional changes on the conductivity–density relationship. These studies have been limited in number and geographic scope. Here, we combine the measurements of previous studies with new measurements for a total of 2857 conductivity–density measurements, covering all of the world׳s major oceans, to derive empirical equations for the effect of silica and total alkalinity on the density and absolute salinity of the global oceans and to recommend an equation applicable to most of the world׳s oceans. The potential impact on salinity as a result of uptake of anthropogenic CO2 is also discussed. |
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| Keywords: | Absolute salinity Density |
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