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A retrospective analysis of contamination and periphyton PICT patterns for the antifoulant irgarol 1051, around a small marina on the Swedish west coast |
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| Authors: | Blanck Hans Eriksson Karl Martin Grönvall Frederick Dahl Björn Guijarro Karell Martinez Birgersson Göran Kylin Henrik |
| Institution: | a Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden b AstraZeneca R&D, 43183 Mölndal, Sweden c Spanish National Research Council, IIQAB-CSIC, Department of Ecotechnology, “Josep Pascual Vila”, Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain d Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Chemical Ecology, Plant Protection Biology, Box 44, 230 53 Alnarp, Sweden e Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Environmental Assessment, Box 7050, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden |
| Abstract: | Irgarol is a triazine photosystem II (PSII) inhibitor that has been used in Sweden as an antifouling ingredient since the 1990s. Early microcosm studies indicated that periphyton was sensitive to irgarol at concentrations regularly found in harbours and marinas. However, field studies of irgarol effects on the Swedish west coast in 1994, using the pollution-induced community tolerance (PICT) approach, failed to detect any effects of the toxicant in the field. A PICT study involves sampling of replicate communities in a gradient of contamination, and a comparison of their community tolerance levels, with an increase being an indication that sensitive species have been eliminated and replaced by more tolerant ones. Typically, short-term assays are used to quantify the community tolerance levels. Later PICT studies in the same area over a 10 year period demonstrate that irgarol tolerance levels have increased, although the contamination pattern has been stable. Our results support the hypothesis that that the PICT potential was low initially, due to a small differential sensitivity between the community members, and that a persistent selection pressure was required to favour and enrich irgarol-tolerant species or genotypes. |
| Keywords: | Pollution-induced community tolerance Gullmar fjord mouth Photosynthesis Photosystem II inhibitor Microphytobenthos Microalgae |
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