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Guidelines for seagrass restoration: Importance of habitat selection and donor population, spreading of risks, and ecosystem engineering effects |
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| Authors: | MM van Katwijk AR Bos VN de Jonge |
| Institution: | a Department of Environmental Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands b Davao del Norte State College, New Visayas, 8105 Panabo City, Philippines c Department of Marine Biology, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 14, 9750 AA Haren, The Netherlands d Deining Societal Communication, Peter Scheersstraat 26, 6525 DE Nijmegen, The Netherlands e Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management, P.O. Box 8039, 4330 EA Middelburg, The Netherlands |
| Abstract: | Large-scale losses of seagrass beds have been reported for decades and lead to numerous restoration programs. From worldwide scientific literature and 20 years of seagrass restoration research in the Wadden Sea, we review and evaluate the traditional guidelines and propose new guidelines for seagrass restoration.Habitat and donor selection are crucial: large differences in survival were found among habitats and among donor populations. The need to preferably transplant in historically confirmed seagrass habitats, and to collect donor material from comparable habitats, were underlined by our results. The importance of sufficient genetic variation of donor material and prevention of genetic isolation by distance was reviewed. The spreading of risks among transplantation sites, which differed in habitat characteristics (or among replicate sites), was positively evaluated. The importance of ecosystem engineering was shown in two ways: seagrass self-facilitation and facilitation by shellfish reefs. Seagrass self-facilitative properties may require a large transplantation scale or additional measures. |
| Keywords: | Donor suitability Genetic setting Reintroduction Seagrass transplantation Wadden Sea Zostera |
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