Differentiation of charcoal,soot and diagenetic carbon in soil: Method comparison and perspectives |
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| Institution: | 1. Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Soil Science and Soil Ecology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 13, DE-53115 Bonn, Germany;2. Department of Applied Environmental Science, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden;3. The Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden;1. Natural Resources Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States;2. Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States;3. Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States;4. Soil Science and Biogeography Unit, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland;5. College of Science, Technology and Engineering and Center for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia;1. Department of Geography, Key Laboratory of Geo-information of the Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China;2. Anhui Key Laboratory of Natural Disasters Process and Prevention, College of Territorial Resource and Tourism, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241003, Anhui, China;1. Department of Earth, Environmental, and Planetary Science, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA;2. Institute at Brown for Environment and Society, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA;3. Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe SE 491000-000, Brazil;1. Department of Soil Quality and Climate Change, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Høgskoleveien 7, N-1430, Ås, Norway;2. Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Science, P.O. Box 5003, N-1433, Ås, Norway;3. Istituto di Chimica dei Composti OrganoMetallici, CNR, via G. Moruzzi 1, I-56124, Pisa, Italy;4. Norconsult AS, Jåttåflaten 27, N-4020, Stavanger, Norway;5. Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 190, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland |
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| Abstract: | The various sources of pyrogenic and coalified carbon (black carbon, BC) in soil have considerable structural heterogeneity, making the quantification of BC a challenge. This study was aimed at evaluating the capability of different detection procedures to recover different types of BC from soil. We added defined quantities of urban dust (UD, NIST SRM1649a), diesel particulate matter (DPM, NIST SRM2975), charcoal, lignite, bituminous coal and wood to four topsoil samples. Mixtures were analyzed by way of chemo-thermal oxidation (CTO), thermal gradient oxidation (ThG), the benzene polycarboxylic acid method (BPCA) and mid-infrared spectroscopy (MIRS). CTO returned good quantification of soot BC in the pure DPM, yet the recovery of soot BC from soil was unsatisfactory (18–270%). ThG gave good precision but lower values for pure soot BC. It severely overestimated the BC content for all soil-standard mixtures. The BPCA method gave a low return for soot BC, but for the spiked soil it reliably detected charcoal and coalified C (69–107% avg. recovery) but underestimated soot BC (52–90% recovery of DPM). Linear coherence in specific MIR vibrations was found in one component soil-BC mixtures for each BC type. Applying these standard calibrations to multi-component mixtures allowed detecting charcoal and a quantification of soot BC (88% avg. recovery) via MIRS, but ignored the presence of diagenetic C. We see the greatest potential in differentiating soot from charcoal in soil by employing a combination of chemical and thermal oxidation and MIRS, while the differentiation from diagenetic C is not possible yet. |
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