Horseshoe crabs (Limulus polyphemus) in an urban estuary (Jamaica Bay, New York) and the potential for ecological restoration |
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Authors: | Mark L Botton Robert E Loveland John T Tanacredi Tomio Itow |
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Institution: | 1. Department of Natural Sciences, Fordham College at Lincoln Center, 113 West 60th Street, New York, New York 10023 2. Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Natural Resources, Cook College, Rutgers University, 08903, New Brunswick, New Jersey 3. Department of Earth and Marine Science, Dowling College, 11769, Oakdale, New York 4. Department of Biology, Faculty of Education, Shizuoka University, Ohya 836, 422-8529, Shizuoka, Japan
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Abstract: | We assessed the suitability of intertidal habitats for spawning by horseshoe crabs (Limulus polyphemus) at 12 proposed restoration sites identified by the United States Army Corps of Engineers along the shore of Jamaica Bay,
a highly developed estuary in New York City. Based on beach geomorphology, we chose to quantify horseshoe crab activity at
five of the sites during the May–July 2000 breeding season. Horseshoe crabs spawned intensively on small patches of suitable
sand within larger areas of eroding shoreline with bulkheads and rubble fill. Small areas of sand behind grounded barges at
Brant Point and Dubos Point had densities of over 100,000 eggs m−2, which was equal to or greater than the egg densities on longer, more natural appearing beaches at Spring Creek and Dead
Horse Bay, or at a sand spit at Bayswater State Park. There were no significant differences in the percentage of Jamaica Bay
horseshoe crab eggs that completed development when cultured using water from Jamaica Bay or lower Delaware Bay, a less polluted
location. Only 1% of the embryos from Jamaica Bay exhibited developmental anomalies, a frequency comparable to a previously
studied population from Delaware Bay. We suggest that the distribution and abundance of horseshoe crabs at our study areas
in Jamaica Bay is presently limited by the availability of suitable shoreline for breeding, rather than by water quality.
Restoration efforts that increase the amount of sandy beach in this urban estuary have a good likelihood of benefiting horseshoe
crabs and providing additional value to migrating shorebirds that use horseshoe crab eggs as food. |
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