Numerical simulation of vortex roll development during a cold air outbreak |
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| Institution: | 1. U.S. Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, WI 53711, United States of America;2. U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, Dixon, CA 95620, United States of America;3. U.S. Geological Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Turners Falls, MA 01376, United States of America;4. The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, University Park, PA 16802, United States of America;5. U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, Fort Collins, CO 80526, United States of America;6. U.S. Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, Corvallis, OR 97330, United States of America;7. U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, San Diego, CA 92101, United States of America;8. U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, Point Reyes Station, CA 94956, United States of America;9. U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, Santa Ana, CA 92701, United States of America;10. U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center, Missoula, MT 59801, United States of America |
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| Abstract: | Cold air outbreaks can be identified by the formation of cloud streets downwind from a land-sea boundary, as can be seen in numerous satellite pictures. These cloud streets are caused by horizontal roll vortices which in turn are due to dynamic and convective instability of the planetary boundary layer over sea. The development of these roll vortices is simulated with a numerical model and compared to observations obtained over the Bering Sea. Vertical heat transport is found to be due to turbulent diffusion in the initial stage of a cold air outbreak before organized roll vortices contribute to the heat flux in the higher levels of the boundary layer. The influence of a capping inversion on the dynamic and convective instability is also elucidated. |
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