Research Progress of Long-term Ocean Temperature Changes in the Southern Ocean |
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| Authors: | Shangmin Long Qinyu Liu Xiaotong Zheng Xuhua Cheng Xuezhi Bai Zhen Gao |
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| Institution: | 1.Key Laboratory of Marine Hazards Forecasting，Ministry of Natural Resources，Hohai University，Nanjing 210098，China;2.College of Oceanography，Hohai University，Nanjing 210098，China;3.Physical Oceanography Laboratory of Ocean University of China，Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction and Climate Laboratory，Qingdao 266100，China;4.Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology，Qingdao 266100，China |
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| Abstract: | In the recent decades， a large amount of anthropogenic heat has been absorbed and stored in the Southern Ocean. Results from observations and climate models' simulations both show that the Southern Ocean displays large warming in the upper and subsurface ocean that maximizes at 45°~40°S. However， the underlying mechanisms and evolution processes of the Southern Ocean temperature changes remain unclear， leaving the Southern Ocean to be a hotspot of climate change studies in the recent years. The present study summarized the current progress in the observations and numerical modeling of long-term temperature changes in the Southern Ocean. The effects of changes in wind， surface heat flux， sea-ice and other factors on the ocean temperature changes were presented， along with the introduction to the role of oceanic mean circulation and eddies. The present study further proposed that a deepening of the understanding in the Southern Ocean temperature change may be achieved by investigating the fast and slow responses of the Southern Ocean to external radiative forcing， which are respectively associated with the fast adjustments of the ocean mixed-layer and the slow evolution of the deep ocean. Specifically， the striking and fast mixed-layer ocean warming north of 50°S is tightly related to the surface heat absorption over upwelling regions and wind-driven meridional heat transport， resulting in enhanced warming around 45°S. While in the slow response of the Southern Ocean temperature， the enhanced ocean warming shifts southward and downward， mainly associating with the heat transfer from oceanic eddies. The Southern Ocean temperature has pronounced climatic effects on many aspects， such as global energy balance， sea-level rise， ocean stratification changes， regional surface warming and atmospheric circulation changes. However， large model biases/deficiencies in simulating the present-day climatology and essential ocean dynamic processes last in generations of climate models， which are the main challenge in advancing our understanding in the mechanisms for the Southern Ocean climate changes. Therefore， to achieve reliable future projections of the Southern Ocean climate， substantial efforts will be needed to improve the model performances and physical understanding in the relative role of various processes in ocean temperature changes at different time scales. |
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| Keywords: | Southern Ocean Climate change Fast and slow responses Upwelling Eddies |
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