Chemical abundances for Hf 2-2, a planetary nebula with the strongest-known heavy-element recombination lines |
| |
| Authors: | X-W Liu M J Barlow Y Zhang R J Bastin P J Storey |
| |
| Institution: | Department of Astronomy, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China;Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT |
| |
| Abstract: | We present high-quality optical spectroscopic observations of the planetary nebula (PN) Hf 2-2. The spectrum exhibits many prominent optical recombination lines (ORLs) from heavy-element ions. Analysis of the H i and He i recombination spectrum yields an electron temperature of ～900 K, a factor of 10 lower than given by the collisionally excited O iii ] forbidden lines. The ionic abundances of heavy elements relative to hydrogen derived from ORLs are about a factor of 70 higher than those deduced from collisionally excited lines (CELs) from the same ions, the largest abundance discrepancy factor (adf) ever measured for a PN. By comparing the observed O ii λ4089/λ4649 ORL ratio to theoretical value as a function of electron temperature, we show that the O ii ORLs arise from ionized regions with an electron temperature of only ～630 K. The current observations thus provide the strongest evidence that the nebula contains another previously unknown component of cold, high-metallicity gas, which is too cool to excite any significant optical or ultraviolet CELs and is thus invisible via such lines. The existence of such a plasma component in PNe provides a natural solution to the long-standing dichotomy between nebular plasma diagnostics and abundance determinations using CELs on the one hand and ORLs on the other. |
| |
| Keywords: | ISM: abundances planetary nebulae: individual: Hf 2-2 |
|
|
