3-D voxel-based solid modeling of a broad-leaved tree for accurate volume estimation using portable scanning lidar |
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| Institution: | 1. State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China;2. Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;3. Sierra Nevada Research Institute, School of Engineering, University of California at Merced, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, CA 95343, USA;4. Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA;1. State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China;2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;3. Sierra Nevada Research Institute, School of Engineering, University of California at Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA;4. Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;5. School of Environment and Natural Resources, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA;1. Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, Hengelosestraat 99, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands;2. Department of Environmental Science, Macquarie University, NSW, 2106, Australia;3. Department of Geography, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada;1. LERFoB, AgroParisTech, INRA, F-54000 Nancy, France;2. EcoSustain, Environmental Engineering Office, Research and Development, 31, Rue de Volmerange, 57330 Kanfen, France;3. Chair for Forest Growth and Yield Science, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany;4. Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden;5. Department of Silviculture and Forest Systems Management, INIA-CIFOR, Madrid, Spain;6. Sustainable Forest Management Research Institute, University of Valladolid, Spain;7. Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland;1. Dpto. Ing. Cartográfica, Geodesia y Fotogrametría, Universitat Politècnica de València. Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain;2. Dpto. Producción Vegetal, Universitat Politècnica de València. Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain;3. Dpto. Ing. Rural y Agroalimentaria, Universitat Politècnica de València. Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain |
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| Abstract: | We developed a method to produce a 3-D voxel-based solid model of a tree based on portable scanning lidar data for accurate estimation of the volume of the woody material. First, we obtained lidar measurements with a high laser pulse density from several measurement positions around the target, a Japanese zelkova tree. Next, we converted lidar-derived point-cloud data for the target into voxels. The voxel size was 0.5 cm × 0.5 cm × 0.5 cm. Then, we used differences in the spatial distribution of voxels to separate the stem and large branches (diameter > 1 cm) from small branches (diameter ⩽ 1 cm). We classified the voxels into sets corresponding to the stem and to each large branch and then interpolated voxels to fill out their surfaces and their interiors. We then merged the stem and large branches with the small branches. The resultant solid model of the entire tree was composed of consecutive voxels that filled the outer surface and the interior of the stem and large branches, and a cloud of voxels equivalent to small branches that were discretely scattered in mainly the upper part of the target. Using this model, we estimated the woody material volume by counting the number of voxels in each part and multiplying the number of voxels by the unit voxel volume (0.13 cm3). The percentage error of the volume of the stem and part of a large branch was 0.5%. The estimation error of a certain part of the small branches was 34.0%. |
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| Keywords: | Portable ground-based scanning lidar Solid model Voxel Woody material volume |
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