High-resolution lake sediment reconstruction of industrial impact in a world-class mining and smelting center,Sudbury, Ontario,Canada |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Chemistry, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea;2. Division of Paleo Environment Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea;3. Department of Ocean Sciences, Inha University, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea;4. Key Laboratory of Coast and Island Development, School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China;1. State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China;2. Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, 071000, China;3. College of Environment and Resources, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China;1. Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India;2. Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India;3. Department of Botany, Centre of Advanced Study, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India |
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| Abstract: | A lake sediment core from Vermillion Lake, Sudbury, Ontario was tightly sampled and analyzed for a wide range of trace elements as well as for Pb isotopes. The data resolve multiple historical events in the 140-a history of logging and mining in the Sudbury area in unprecedented detail. Lead-210 data, 137Cs activity and historical information on the start of anthropogenic activities in the Sudbury area were combined to derive an age model for the sedimentary column. Using the age information, it is possible to identify sediment sections enriched and depleted in trace metal(loid)s, particularly Ni and Cu, the two most relevant metals in the Sudbury area. Maxima and minima in the chronology of Ni and Cu coincide well with local production values for both elements until environmental regulations in the 1990s resulted in a decrease in their emission and drainage into Vermillion Lake. Differences in the deposition rates of Ni and Cu, trace-metal distribution patterns throughout the sedimentary column, Pb-isotope data, and comparison with data for local rocks and ores in the Sudbury area were used to identify the sources of pollutants in the early and late periods of mining activities. In addition, the environmental impact on the sediment itself was also studied via the variation of water content and organic matter. Finally, a surficial Fe–Mn-enriched layer with elevated concentrations of the oxy-anions (PO4)3?, (AsO4)4?, and (MoO4)2? was identified. This can be distinguished from accumulation of Zn and an increase in the Y / Ho ratio in the upper core sections, which likely imply increasing drainage of fertilizers into the Vermillion River watershed. The chemistry, mineralogy, and isotope composition of the Vermillion Lake sediment column thus contain a very detailed >140-a account of initial severe anthropogenic disturbance, the efforts of remediation and the effects of changing land use towards agricultural and recreational activities. |
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