Feasibility of employing a smartphone as the payload in a photogrammetric UAV system |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;2. Research Group EnVOC, Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;3. Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;4. Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;1. Aix-Marseille Université, INMED UMR 901, 13273 Marseille, France;2. INSERM, UMR 901, 13273 Marseille, France;3. Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CRN2M UMR 6231, 13397 Marseille, France;4. Aix-Marseille Université, PPSN EA 4674, 13013 Marseille, France;5. Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, LNIA UMR 7260, 13331 Marseille, France;1. Department of Geography and City & Regional Planning, California State University, Fresno, CA 93740, USA;2. Department of City and Regional Planning, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA |
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| Abstract: | Smartphones can be operated in a 3G network environment at any time or location, and they also cost less than existing photogrammetric UAV systems, providing high-resolution images and 3D location and attitude data from a variety of built-in sensors. This study aims to assess the feasibility of using a smartphone as the payload for a photogrammetric UAV system. To carry out the assessment, a smartphone-based photogrammetric UAV system was developed and utilized to obtain image, location, and attitude data under both static and dynamic conditions. The accuracy of the location and attitude data obtained and sent by this system was then evaluated. The smartphone images were converted into ortho-images via image triangulation, which was carried out both with and without consideration of the interior orientation (IO) parameters determined by camera calibration. In the static experiment, when the IO parameters were taken into account, the triangulation results were less than 1.28 pixels (RMSE) for all smartphone types, an improvement of at least 47% compared with the case when IO parameters were not taken into account. In the dynamic experiment, on the other hand, the accuracy of smartphone image triangulation was not significantly improved by considering IO parameters. This was because the electronic rolling shutter within the complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) sensor built into the smartphone and the actuator for the voice coil motor (VCM)-type auto-focusing affected by the vibration and the speed of the UAV, which is likely to have a negative effect on image-based digital elevation model (DEM) generation. However, considering that these results were obtained using a single smartphone, this suggests that a smartphone is not only feasible as the payload for a photogrammetric UAV system but it may also play a useful role when installed in existing UAV systems. |
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