How cold was it for Neanderthals moving to Central Europe during warm phases of the last glaciation? |
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| Authors: | Grzegorz Skrzypek Andrzej Wi?niewski Pauline F Grierson |
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| Institution: | 1. West Australian Biogeochemistry Centre, School of Plant Biology M090, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia;2. Institute of Archaeology, The University of Wroc?aw, Szewska Str. 48, 50–139 Wroc?aw, Poland;1. Plant Foods in Hominin Dietary Ecology Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;2. Department of Anthropology, Center for Advanced Study of Hominid Paleobiology, The George Washington University, 2110 G St NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA;3. Program in Human Ecology and Archaeobiology, Department of Anthropology, Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA;4. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Box 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancon, Panama;1. Faculty of Science and Technology, Bournemouth University, Talbot Campus, Fern Barrow, Poole, Dorset, BH12 5BB, UK;2. Centre for Human Health and Performance: Institute for Sport, Exercise and Health, 170 Tottenham Court Road London, W1T 7HA, UK;3. Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK;4. UCL Genomics Institute (UGI), University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK;1. Muséum National d''Histoire Naturelle (MNHN), Institut de Paléontologie Humaine (IPH), UMR 7194, 1 rue René Panhard, 75013 Paris, France;2. IDEA (Instituto de Evolución en África), Calle Covarrubias 36, 28010, Madrid, Spain;3. Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social (IPHES), Tarragona, Spain;4. Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Àrea de Prehistòria, Tarragona, Spain;5. Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Arqueología y Patrimonio Histórico (INAPH), Universidad de Alicante, Carretera de San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, 03690, San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain;6. Unit Associated with CSIC, Departamento de Paleobiologia, Museo Nacional d Ciencias Naturales, Madrid, Spain;7. ICREA, Barcelona, Spain;1. Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain;2. IPHES – Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social, Campus Sescelades URV (Edifici W3), 43007 Tarragona, Spain;3. Area de Prehistoria, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Avinguda de Catalunya 35, 43002 Tarragona, Spain;4. Institute of Archaeology, University College of London, Gordon Square 31-34, WC1H0PY London, UK;5. Histoire Naturelle de l’Homme Préhistorique – HNHP – UMR 7194, (CNRS - MNHN - UPVD - Sorbonne Université), 1 rue René Panhard, 75013 Paris & Musée de l’Homme, 17 Place du Trocadéro, 75016 Paris, France;1. Sezione di Scienze Preistoriche e Antropologiche, Dipartimento di Studi Umanistici, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, C. so Ercole I d''Este, 32, 44100 Ferrara, Italy;2. Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social (IPHES), C/Escorxador s/n, 43004 Tarragona, Spain;3. Àrea de Prehistòria, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Tarragona, Spain |
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| Abstract: | Precise estimates of mean annual temperature (MAT) for when Neanderthals occupied Central Europe are critical for understanding the role that climatic and associated environmental factors played in Neanderthal migrations and in their ultimate extinction. Neanderthals were continuously present in the relatively warm regions of southern and Western Europe in the Pleistocene but only temporarily settled Central Europe (CE), presumably because of its colder and less hospitable climate. Here, we present a new approach for more spatially and temporally accurate estimation of palaeotemperatures based on the stable oxygen isotope composition of phosphates extracted from animal teeth found at sites linked directly to concurrent Neanderthal occupation. We provide evidence that Neanderthals migrated along the Odra Valley of CE during warmer periods throughout the Upper Pleistocene. The MATs during these migrations were about 6.8 °C for the warm phase of Oxygen Isotope Stage OIS 5a–d (prior to the OIS4 cold event) at ～115–74,000 yr BP and about 6.3 °C during the early OIS 3 warm phase ～59–41,000 yr BP. Our results show that temperatures during these phases peaked 2–4 °C above longer term estimates from ice cores and pollen records. We argue that our approach can provide valuable insights into evaluating the role of climate in human migration patterns in the Pleistocene. |
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