The near surface hydrography beneath the Odden ice tongue |
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| Institution: | 1. Istituto di Scienze Marine, U.O.S. di Pozzuolo di Lerici, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Forte Santa Teresa, I-19036, Lerici (SP), Italy;2. Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University, Olin Hall, 34th and North Charles Streets, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA;1. Coburg University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, 96450 Coburg, Friedrich-Streib-Str. 2, Germany;2. Rosenheim University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Applied Natural Sciences and Humanities, 83024 Rosenheim, Hochschulstr. 1, Germany;1. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, USA;2. Marine Research Institute, Reykjavik, Iceland;3. Geophysical Institute and Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, University of Bergen, Norway;4. Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research NIOZ, Texel, The Netherlands;5. Norwegian Polar Institute, Tromsø, Norway;6. University of Akureyri, Iceland;7. Uni Reseach Climate, Bergen, Norway;8. Akvaplan-niva, Tromsø, Norway;1. Centre for Additive Manufacturing, School of Engineering, RMIT University, 58 Cardigan St, Carlton, 3001, Australia;2. Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, Malet Place and Torrington Place, Roberts Building, Level 7, London, WC1E 7JE, United Kingdom;3. Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Level 2, Clinical Sciences Building, 29 Regent Street, Fitzroy, 3065, Australia |
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| Abstract: | As part of the European Subpolar Ocean Programme (ESOP), the German research icebreaker Polarstern worked in the Greenland Sea in the late winter of 1993. Whilst on passage, the ship encountered a severe winter storm with winds consistently above 20 m s?1 coupled to air temperatures of below ?10°C. The underway sensors revealed heat fluxes of greater than 700 W m?2 across most of the Nordic Basin, peaking at greater than 1200 W m?2 when the ship crossed the cold, fresh water of the Jan Mayen Current. This large heat flux coupled to the unique hydrographic conditions present in the Jan Mayen Current allowed sea-ice generation in the form of frazil ice at a rate of 28 cm d?1. This frazil ice then developed into pancake ice. Measurements also were made in the late winter beneath this pancake ice in two remnants of the Odden. In the Jan Mayen Current, hydrographic conditions are such that the ice can exist for a long period of time before eventually decaying due to short-wave radiation at the surface. Towards the centre of the Greenland Sea, hydrographic measurements reveal that the ice is more transient and decays four times more rapidly than ice in the Jan Mayen Current. We discuss the development of the Odden ice tongue in light of these results and add evidence to the argument that the eventual fate of the water stored in the ice is important and could be a relevant factor in the formation of Greenland Sea Deep Water. |
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