A non-parametric approach to infer the energy spectrum and the mass composition of cosmic rays |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of West Attica, 250 Thivon & P. Ralli Str, Egaleo, 12244 Athens, Greece;2. Institute of Bio-Economy and Agri-Technology (IBO), Centre for Research & Technology Hellas (CERTH), 38333 Volos, Greece;1. Biomedical Engineering Institute, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania;2. Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania;3. Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania;4. Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center of Integrative Electrocardiology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden |
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| Abstract: | The experiment KASCADE observes simultaneously the electron–photon, muon, and hadron components of high-energy extensive air showers (EAS). The analysis of EAS observables for an estimate of energy and mass of the primary particle invokes extensive Monte Carlo simulations of the EAS development for preparing reference patterns. The present studies utilize the air shower simulation code corsika with the hadronic interaction models VENUS, QGSJet and Sibyll, including simulations of the detector response and efficiency. By applying non-parametric techniques the measured data have been analyzed in an event-by-event mode and the mass and energy of the EAS inducing particles are reconstructed. Special emphasis is given to methodical limitations and the dependence of the results on the hadronic interaction model used. The results obtained from KASCADE data reproduce the knee in the primary spectrum, but reveal a strong model dependence. Owing to the systematic uncertainties introduced by the hadronic interaction models no strong change of chemical composition can be claimed in the energy range around the knee. |
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