Land subsidence of Jakarta (Indonesia) and its relation with urban development |
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| Authors: | Hasanuddin Z Abidin Heri Andreas Irwan Gumilar Yoichi Fukuda Yusuf E Pohan and T Deguchi |
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| Institution: | (1) Geodesy Research Division, Institute of Technology Bandung, Jl. Ganesha 10, Bandung, Indonesia;(2) Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan;(3) Jakarta Provincial Agency of Industry and Mining, Jl. MT Haryono, Jakarta, 52–53, Indonesia;(4) School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan |
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| Abstract: | Jakarta is the capital city of Indonesia with a population of about 9.6 million people, inhabiting an area of about 660 square-km.
In the last three decades, urban development of Jakarta has grown very rapidly in the sectors of industry, trade, transportation,
real estate, and many others. This exponentially increased urban development introduces several environmental problems. Land
subsidence is one of them. The resulted land subsidence will also then affect the urban development plan and process. It has
been reported for many years that several places in Jakarta are subsiding at different rates. The leveling surveys, GPS survey
methods, and InSAR measurements have been used to study land subsidence in Jakarta, over the period of 1982–2010. In general,
it was found that the land subsidence exhibits spatial and temporal variations, with the rates of about 1–15 cm/year. A few
locations can have the subsidence rates up to about 20–28 cm/year. There are four different types of land subsidence that
can be expected to occur in the Jakarta basin, namely: subsidence due to groundwater extraction, subsidence induced by the
load of constructions (i.e., settlement of high compressibility soil), subsidence caused by natural consolidation of alluvial
soil, and tectonic subsidence. It was found that the spatial and temporal variations of land subsidence depend on the corresponding
variations of groundwater extraction, coupled with the characteristics of sedimentary layers and building loads above it.
In general, there is strong relation between land subsidence and urban development activities in Jakarta. |
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