Distributions of dissolved vitamin B12 and Co in coastal and open-ocean environments |
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| Authors: | Caterina Panzeca Aaron J Beck Antonio Tovar-Sanchez Jose Segovia-Zavala Gordon T Taylor Christopher J Gobler Sergio A Saudo-Wilhelmy |
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| Institution: | aSchool of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA;bUniversity of Southern California, Department of Biological Sciences, Los Angeles, CA, USA;cMediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies (IMEDEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC)-Universidad de les Illes Balears, Esporles, Islas Baleares, Spain;dInstituto de Investigaciones Oceanologicas, Universidad Autonoma de Baja California Ensenada, Mexico |
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| Abstract: | Distributions of dissolved vitamin B12 and total dissolved Co were measured to gain an understanding of the cycling of these interdependent micronutrients in six marine settings including; an upwelling location, a semi-enclosed bay, two urban coastal systems, and two open ocean locations. Along the coast of Baja California, Mexico, concentrations of B12 and dissolved Co varied from 0.2 to 11 pM and 180 to 990 pM, respectively. At a nearby upwelling station, vitamin B12 and Co concentrations ranged from 0.3 to 7.0 pM and 22 to 145 pM, and concentrations did not correlate with upwelling intensity. Concentrations of B12 were highest within Todos Santos Bay, a semi-enclosed bay off the coast of Baja California, Mexico, during a dinoflagellate bloom, ranging from 2 to 61 pM, while Co concentrations varied between 61 and 194 pM. In the anthropogenically impacted Long Island Sound, NY, U.S.A., B12 levels were between 0.1 and 23 pM and Co concentrations varied from 60 to 1900 pM. However, anthropogenic inputs were not evident in B12 levels in the San Pedro Basin, located outside Los Angeles, Ca, U.S.A., where concentrations of B12 were 0.2–1.8 pM, approximating observed open ocean B12 concentrations. In the Southern Ocean and North Atlantic Ocean, B12 levels were 0.4–4 pM and 0.2–2 pM, respectively. Total Co concentrations in the Southern Ocean and North Atlantic tended to be low; measuring 26–59 pM and 15–80 pM, respectively. These low Co concentrations may limit B12 synthesis and its availability to B12-requiring phytoplankton because the total dissolved Co pool is not necessarily entirely bioavailable. |
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| Keywords: | vitamin B12 cobalt upwelling runoff Baja California Long Island Sound San Pedro Basin North Atlantic Southern Ocean |
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