Pattern of spatial variability in granulometric and mineralogical characteristics across an ecologically sensitive sub-tropical wetland (Bihar,India) |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, 247667, India;2. Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, 136119, India;1. Institute of Hydrology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 9, 84104, Bratislava, Slovak Republic;2. Department of Water Engineering, College of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, 65178-38695, Hamadan, Iran;3. Departamento de Engenharia Civil, Faculdadede Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, Porto 4200-465, Portugal;4. CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal;1. Environmental Geochemistry Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, PO 45320, Pakistan;2. Graduate School of Sciences and Engineering, Kagoshima University, Japan;3. Department of Earth and Planetary Environmental Science (UG), Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Japan;4. Department of Earth and Planetary Physics (UG), Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Japan;5. Department of Earth and Planetary Science (GR), Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Japan;6. Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Baltistan Skardu, Pakistan;1. State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, China;2. School of Civil & Environmental Engineering and Geography Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China;3. Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, Saskatchewan, S4S 0A2, Canada |
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| Abstract: | Floodplain wetlands are dynamic systems undergoing frequent hydro-sedimentological changes. Tropical/subtropical wetlands have even more pronounced climatic and biological influences on the sediment dynamics. In the current study, a protected subtropical wetland in Bihar (India) has been assessed for its sedimentary and mineralogical status. Sediment characteristics and associated granulometric parameters are discussed to highlight the wetland's hydrogeomorphic character, energy dimension, and the depositional processes taking place. Statistical grain size parameters like graphic mean, graphic skewness, graphic kurtosis, and their interrelations studies have helped in understanding the sources of deposited materials. Multivariate statistics have identified, sand fractions, measures of central tendencies (mean, median, and mode), percent organic matter (%OM) and percent carbonates (%carbonates) as primary factors explaining the maximum variance in the data. The non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis test has identified %sand, %clay, electrical conductivity (EC), and %carbonates as the major factors responsible for significant spatial variability. The grain texture analysis shows that the majority of samples fall in the brackets of clayey silt; silty sand; and sand, silt, and clay. Common mineral components associated with these are quartz, feldspar, clay minerals, etc. The range for the mean grain size lies between 3Φ to 9Φ (Φ is diameter of the sediments) where most of the grain size distributions are symmetrically to fine symmetrically skewed, indicating intermediate energy to adjust to environmental conditions. The granulometric and physicochemical characteristics of the sediment samples also indicate the directional distribution pattern of sediment along the hydrological pathway. Future studies concentrating on the fluvial discharges of water and sediment will be highly insightful in reconstructing the past net sediment accumulation processes in the Baraila Wetland. |
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| Keywords: | Grain size analysis Hydrodynamic energy Mineralogy Allogenic source Terrigenous input Wetland |
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