| 清代县级行政区划调整的时空变动与演化机理 |
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| 引用本文： | 赵逸才,王开泳,华林甫,王甫园.清代县级行政区划调整的时空变动与演化机理[J].地理学报,2022,77(12):2972-2990. |
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| 作者姓名： | 赵逸才 王开泳 华林甫 王甫园 |
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| 作者单位： | 1.中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所 中国科学院区域可持续发展分析与模拟重点实验室，北京 1001012.中国人民大学清史研究所 历史地理学研究中心，北京 100872 |
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| 基金项目： | 国家自然科学基金项目(41871151) |
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| 摘 要： | 行政区划是国家治理体系的重要组成部分，系统分析清代县级行政区划调整的时空变动格局和影响因素，能更好地借鉴和发挥行政区划设置在国家与地方治理中的支撑作用。综合梳理国家清史纂修工程《清史·地理志》的考证结果，参考中国第一历史档案馆藏清代档案、《清实录》《清会典》《大清一统志》以及清代地方志等历史文献，全面分析1683—1911年中国县级行政区划的时空变动过程与演变规律。研究表明：① 清代县级行政区划主要有9类调整模式，以自下而上的申报调整为主，关键是总督和巡抚的提议权，督抚体制是行政区划调整推进的制度保障；② 行政区划调整的频次受最高统治者的治理理念影响较大，波动明显，雍正朝是清代行政区划调整的绝对高峰期，光绪和宣统两朝是一个相对高峰期，道光、咸丰到同治时期调整最少；③ 县级行政区划的调整以新设最多，其次为改隶和析分，同级变更和合并是频次较少的两类调整；④ 升级、迁治、裁撤、新设4类调整在清代23个省的分布范围较广泛、各省域分布较为广泛均衡，变更专名、合并、改隶、同级变更4类调整的分布范围集中于直隶、河南、山西等省；⑤ 清代县级行政区划调整格局的形成与演化是多方面因素共同作用的结果，政治安全和统治方便是决定性因素，总体上体现出层级明确、权责明晰、因地制宜、循序渐进的国家治理理念。
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| 关 键 词： | 清代 行政区划 县级政区 调整 时空特征 影响因素 |
| 收稿时间： | 2021-11-08 |
| 修稿时间： | 2022-07-07 |
Spatial and temporal changes and evolution mechanism of county-level administrative division adjustment in the Qing Dynasty |
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| ZHAO Yicai,WANG Kaiyong,HUA Linfu,WANG Fuyuan.Spatial and temporal changes and evolution mechanism of county-level administrative division adjustment in the Qing Dynasty[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2022,77(12):2972-2990. |
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| Authors: | ZHAO Yicai WANG Kaiyong HUA Linfu WANG Fuyuan |
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| Institution: | 1. Key Laboratory of Divisional Sustainable Development Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China2. The Institute of Qing History, Research Center of Historical Geography, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China |
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| Abstract: | Administrative division is an important part of the national governance system. A systematic analysis of the spatial and temporal change pattern and influencing factors of the adjustment of county-level administrative divisions in the Qing Dynasty can better learn from and give play to the supporting role of administrative divisions in national and local governance. Using the textual research results of the national Qing history compilation project Qing History·Geographical Chronicles, and referring to the Qing Dynasty archives in China's first historical archives collection, Qingshilu, Qinghuidian, Daqingyitongzhi, local chronicles and other historical documents, this paper comprehensively analyzes the overall evolution and adjustment of county-level administrative divisions from 1683 to 1911. The research shows that: (1) There are 9 kinds of adjustment forms of county-level administrative divisions in the Qing Dynasty. The key of the adjustment is the proposal power of the governor, and the governor system is the institutional guarantee for the adjustment and promotion of administrative divisions. (2) The frequency of administrative division adjustment was greatly affected by the governance concept of the supreme ruler, showing fluctuating changes. The Yongzheng period was the absolute peak of administrative adjustment in the Qing Dynasty, the Guangxu and Xuantong periods was a relative peak, and the adjustment of Daoguang to Tongzhi periods was the least. (3) The setting of county-level administrative divisions was the most frequent, followed by the change and splitting of subordinate relations. Level change and consolidation were 2 types with lower adjustment frequency. (4) In the Qing Dynasty, the 4 types of adjustments of upgrading, relocation, abolishment and new establishment were widely distributed in 23 provinces, with the highest uniformity of provincial distribution, and the 4 types of adjustments of renaming, merging, changing affiliation and changing at the same level were concentrated in provinces such as Zhili, Henan and Shanxi. (5) The formation of the adjustment pattern of county-level administrative divisions in the Qing Dynasty was the result of the joint action of many factors. Political consideration was the decisive factor. All this reflected the management concept of clear hierarchy, clear rights and responsibilities, adjusting measures to local conditions and step by step. |
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| Keywords: | Qing Dynasty administrative divisions county-level administrative divisions adjustment spatiotemporal characteristics impact factor |
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