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| 城市政治生态学视角下的空间转型与中国环境治理创新——基于深圳城—水关系动态演变的分析 | |
| 引用本文： | 王雨,满彩霞,徐瑷琳,史秋洁.城市政治生态学视角下的空间转型与中国环境治理创新——基于深圳城—水关系动态演变的分析[J].地理科学进展,2022,41(9):1755-1769. |
| 作者姓名： | 王雨 满彩霞 徐瑷琳 史秋洁 |
| 作者单位： | 1.南方科技大学社会科学中心, 广东 深圳 518055 2.英国东英吉利大学国际发展学院,英国 诺维奇 NR4 7TJ 3.北京大学城市与环境学院,北京 100871 4.北京大学未来城市研究中心,北京 100871 |
| 基金项目： | 国家自然科学基金项目(41801132);广东省普通高校特色创新类项目(2021WTSCX079) |
| 摘 要： | 城市空间是探讨城镇化特征、动力机制和效应的重要载体,但生态空间作为传统城市—自然二分对立认识论下被人类控制和支配的对象,却较少成为城镇化研究的主体。论文以深圳为例,从城市政治生态学视角展现了过去40余年深圳城—水关系的阶段性演化及其背后的权力结构关系变迁。研究认为,水是权力不可分割的一部分,具有多元复杂的本体特征,它与城市发展并非二元对立,而是相互建构。在深圳城镇化的不同阶段,国家、资本、自然展现出差异化的动态关系,塑造了水的商品化、去商品化、再商品化过程,使之成为经济发展所需开发利用的自然资源、支撑城市可持续运作的生态保障、提升城市长期竞争力的新动力。深圳城—水关系的演变揭示了中国环境治理从路径依赖到路径创新的过程。尽管改革开放初期为了确保经济发展,以水为代表的城市生态空间出现了同质化和退化,但在后续发展过程中,国家权力未必在资本和市场的扩张中出现“空心化”;相反,国家权力的主动介入修复甚至扭转了单一市场逻辑下的生态退化和社会不平等。这些新型的国家—资本—自然关系和社会经济实践,不仅呈现了人类寻找公平、正义、可持续城市建设的中国方案,而且为城市—自然辩证关系的理论深化提供了中国经验。 |
| 关 键 词： | 城市政治生态学 水政治 城镇化 空间转型 权力关系 环境治理 深圳 |
| 收稿时间： | 2022-01-20 |
| 修稿时间： | 2022-06-22 |
Spatial transformation and Chinese environmental governance innovation from an urban political ecology perspective: An analysis of Shenzhen’s evolving waterscape |
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| WANG Yu,MAN Caixia,XU Ailin,SHI Qiujie.Spatial transformation and Chinese environmental governance innovation from an urban political ecology perspective: An analysis of Shenzhen’s evolving waterscape[J].Progress in Geography,2022,41(9):1755-1769. | |
| Authors: | WANG Yu MAN Caixia XU Ailin SHI Qiujie |
| Institution: | 1. Center for Social Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China 2. School of International Development, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK 3. College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China 4. Center for Urban Future Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China |
| Abstract: | Urban spaces encapsulate the characteristics, dynamics, and effects of urbanization. However, urban ecological spaces have received relatively inadequate academic attention in urban political research as they were traditionally considered dominated and controlled by humans under a binary ontology of social-natural dichotomization. Using the waterscape of Shenzhen City as an example, this study adopted an urban political ecology perspective to illustrate how Shenzhen's waterscape has evolved in the past four decades and how the underlying power structure has (re)produced such waterscape changes. We argue that water is an integral part of power and the shaping of changing waterscape intrinsically situates within various ontologies of water. Based on the approach of process tracing, this study identified three main time periods, during which urban waterscape in Shenzhen demonstrated distinctive features. In the first stage (1979-2005), the state relaxed the control of water and enabled the establishment of market instruments. The deployment of various power strategies, including discursive framings of water knowledge (for example, economic value of water and technocratic solutions to natural water scarcity), neoliberal reform in the water supply sector, and capital-intensive urban spatial configuration have jointly facilitated the commodification, transportation, and exploitation of water, resulting in ecological degradation and social inequalities. In the second stage (2006-2015), the shift from public-private-partnership (PPP) to the full nationalization in the water industries indicated that the state was not "hollowing out" despite the neoliberal reform in Shenzhen's urban development. Rather, it re-intervened in the provision of ecological services and, to a great extent, de-commodified water for sustainable economic development. In the third stage (2016-present), the socialist ecological civilization (SEC) paradigm has become the guiding principle which further justified the state's effort to reduce hydrosocial inequalities and empower the nature. The construction of "blue belts" that gives the public access to all urbanites and the discursive reframing of water that restructures the city's political and economic agenda have re-commodified water in a way that may boost Shenzhen's long-term economic development and competitiveness. The transformation of Shenzhen's waterscape has demonstrated a process of Chinese environmental governance innovation. It shows that although Shenzhen's neoliberal reform has resulted in ecological degradation and over-exploitation of water as witnessed in most cities in the world, the restructuring of state-market relations and the reproduction of waterscape have created a new path. The presence of state power and its delicate symbiosis with market tools might alleviate salient problems of capitalism such as inequalities and dispossession. These novel practices associated with Shenzhen's waterscape and spatial transformation could offer new insights into, and understanding of the Chinese model of sustainable, equal, and just urbanization. |
| Keywords: | urban political ecology hydropolitics urbanization spatial transformation power relations environmental governance Shenzhen City |
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