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Long-Term Power Transmission Failures in Southeastern Brazil and the Geophysical Environment |
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| Authors: | Magda A S Duro Pierre Kaufmann Fernando C P Bertoni Emilio C N Rodrigues José Pissolato Filho |
| Institution: | 1. Escola de Engenharia, Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, S?o Paulo, Brazil 2. Escola de Engenharia, CRAAM, Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, S?o Paulo, Brazil 3. Centro de Componentes Semicondutores, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil 4. ISA.CTEEP, Companhia de Transmiss?o de Energia Elétrica Paulista, Jundiaí, SP, Brazil 5. Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e Computa??o, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil |
| Abstract: | High-voltage transmission networks represent a large electrical circuit just above the ground subjected to a number of transient overcharges of various kinds, some of which may lead to failures. Some failures might be related to anomalies of the geophysical environment. We have analyzed one unprecedented long series of transmission grid failures (9?years) on high-voltage networks located in S?o Paulo state, southeastern Brazil, from 1998 to 2006, which includes an important fraction of the past solar activity cycle 23. Ninety-five distinct failure causes were given by the power line operator to explain the transmission grid shut downs. Most failures were attributed to atmospheric discharges, corresponding to 1,957 failures out of a total of 4,572 for the whole period at 138?kV, and 170 out of 763 at 440?kV, respectively. They correspond to less than one ten thousandth of the actual number of atmospheric discharges recorded in the same area, demonstrating the grid’s high resilience to breakdowns due to lightning. A clear concentration of failures in the region’s thunderstorm season has been found. A significant 67 and 77?% reduction in the number of failure rates per year has been found for the 138 and 440?kV grids, respectively, for the period studied, in good correspondence with the decay in the sunspot numbers. No obvious correlation was found between power failures and the planetary index of geomagnetic activity or major geomagnetic storms in the period, either on short or on long time scales. Assuming that the dependence of the electrosphere/ionosphere-ground coupling on the external geophysical environment plays a major role in explaining the reduction in power failures as the solar cycle wanes, it is suggested that the increase in atmosphere conductivity caused by the larger cosmic ray flux then reduces the threshold voltage required to produce lightning strokes, so reducing their effectiveness in disrupting high-voltage power lines. |
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