Geochemical constraints for the origin of thermal waters from western Turkey |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, PO Box 653, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel;2. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Jeoloji Mühendisli? Bölümü, 35100 Bornova-?zmir, Turkey;3. MTA Ege Bölge Müdürlü?, 35042 Bornova-?zmir, Turkey;1. Institut für Geowissenschaften, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, D-07749 Jena, Germany;2. Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZE, UK;3. Institut für Geowissenschaften, Universität Potsdam, D-14476 Golm, Germany;4. Ni?de Üniversitesi, TR-51100 Ni?de, Turkey;5. Department of Geology, Cumhuriyet University, TR-58140 Sivas, Turkey;1. Ankara University, Graduate School of Applied Science, Geological Engineering Dept., 06100, Tando?an, Ankara, Turkey;2. Ömer Halisdemir University, Faculty of Engineering, Geological Engineering Dept., 51240, Ni?de, Turkey;1. Department of Geological Engineering, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Turkey;2. The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) Energy, Perth, WA 6151, Australia;3. Department of Geological Engineering, Hacettepe University, Turkey;4. Department of Geological Engineering, Ankara University, Turkey;5. Radiogenic Isotope Facility, School of Earth Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia;1. Research Institute for Geo-Hydrological Protection, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Amendola 122/I, 70126 Bari, Italy;2. Geology and Petroleum Geology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK;3. Department of Earth and Geoenvironmental Sciences, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy;4. Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy;5. Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via La Pira 4, 50121 Florence, Italy |
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| Abstract: | The combined chemical composition, B and Sr isotopes, and the basic geologic setting of geothermal systems from the Menderes Massif in western Turkey have been investigated to evaluate the origin of the dissolved constituents and mechanisms of water–rock interaction. Four types of thermal water are present: (1) a Na–Cl of marine origin; (2) a Na–HCO3 type with high CO2 content that is associated with metamorphic rocks of the Menderes Massif; (3) a Na–SO4 type that is also associated with metamorphic rocks of the Menderes Massif with H2S addition; and (4) a Ca–Mg–HCO3–SO4 type that results from interactions with carbonate rocks at shallow depths. The Na–Cl waters are further subdivided based on Br/Cl ratios. Water from the Cumal? Seferihisar and Bodrum Karaada systems are deep circulated seawater (Br/Cl=sea water) whereas water from Çanakkale–Tuzla (Br/Cl<sea water) are from dissolution of Messinian evaporites. Good correlations between different dissolved salts and temperature indicate that the chemical composition of the thermal waters from non-marine geothermal systems is controlled by: (1) temperature dependent water–rock interactions; (2) intensification of reactions due to high dissolved CO2 and possibly HCl gasses; and (3) mixing with overlying cold groundwater. All of the thermal water is enriched in B. The B isotopic composition (δ11B=2.3‰ to 18.7‰; n=6) can indicate either leaching of B from the rocks, or B(OH)3 degassing flux from deep sources. The large ranges in B concentrations in different rock types as well as in thermal waters from different systems suggest the water-rock mechanism. 87Sr/86Sr ratios of the thermal water are used to differentiate between solutes that have interacted with metamorphic rocks (87Sr/86Sr ratio as high as 0.719479) and carbonate rocks (low 87Sr/86Sr ratio of 0.707864). |
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