| 太阳活动及其对地球环境的影响 |
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| 引用本文： | 王家龙,孙静兰.太阳活动及其对地球环境的影响[J].第四纪研究,2002,22(6):510-523. |
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| 作者姓名： | 王家龙 孙静兰 |
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| 作者单位： | 中国科学院国家天文台,北京,100012 |
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| 基金项目： | 国家自然科学基金 (批准号 :4 9990 4 5 1)资助重大项目，国家自然科学基金 (批准号 :10 0 730 13)资助项目 |
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| 摘 要： | 太阳活动及其对地球环境影响的研究至今已发展成一门涉及太阳物理学、空间物理学和地球物理学的边缘学科,它研究三者的关系及相互作用的过程。本文将太阳活动分成缓变型和爆发型两类,分别介绍了它们的主要成员冕洞、总辐射、太阳黑子、太阳耀斑和日冕物质抛射的性质及特征;分别讨论了这两类太阳活动对地球环境的影响,还指出了太阳活动对固体地球的作用。
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| 关 键 词： | 太阳活动 活动的分类 对地球环境的影响 |
| 收稿时间： | 2002-06-30 |
| 修稿时间： | 2002年6月30日 |
SOLAR ACTIVITIES AND THEIR EFFECTS ON TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENTS |
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| Wang Jia long,Sun Jinglan.SOLAR ACTIVITIES AND THEIR EFFECTS ON TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENTS[J].Quaternary Sciences,2002,22(6):510-523. |
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| Authors: | Wang Jia long Sun Jinglan |
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| Institution: | National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100012 |
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| Abstract: | This paper introduces and discusses solar activities and their effects on terrestrial environments. This subject is paid more and more attentions, because it is widely and closely related to the envi ronment where human exists. The modern research of solar physics was started by the use of a telescope for sunspot observation in Europe. Early in 19th century rainfall was thought to have a relationship with the sunspot number, but it was the discovery of the sunspot cyclicity pointed out in 1843 and lately confirmed in 1851 formaly started the research of solar activities and their effects on our Earth. This discovery encourages geophysicists and solar physicists to relate phenomena in space environment, atmosphere, seas and the solid body of the Earth to solar activities and to find the so called solar factors. After more than one hundred years developing, this topic is now a new science associated with solar, space and geo physics. Solar activities may be devided into two categories, one is gradual solar activity and the other is eruptive one. The former includes coronal holes, coronal condensations, plages, quiet promi nences, faculae, sunspots etc. While the latter includes solar flares, eruptive prominences, coronal mass ejecta (hereafter CMEs) etc. In the second part of this paper, coronal holes, the total solar irradiance, and sunspots of the gradual solar activity and solar flares and CMEs of the eruptive one are selected and their properties and physical parameters are described . This is very necessary for understanding of our topic. In the third part, the possible effects of these two kinds of solar activities on the Earth′s space environment, climate and hydrology are discussed, respectively. A coronal hole is a source of high streamer in solar wind. The streamer may make an increase of the density of electrons with an energy even greater than 2 MeV in the radiation belt of the Earth, and energetic charged particals in the streamer would run into the geomagnetic field and produce a gradual commencement storm. Recently, the variation of the total solar irradiance has been measured by artificial satellites. A 0.03%～0.04% variation of the irradiance was found from the measurement by Satellite SMM of 1980. Meanwhile, short time decreases were also found. These variations are related with the 11 year cycle of solar activity and the disk passage of some huge sunspot groups, respectively. Analyses show that general solar activity level indicated by a sunspot number would join the modulation of the climate and hydrology. For a certain period of time but different areas, different relations exist between rainfalls or atmospheric temperatures with the sunspot number. The galactic cosmic ray envi ronment of the Earth is also modulated by solar activity and the intensity of the galactic cosmic ray measured at the Earth varies reversely with the sunspot numbers. The effects of the eruptive solar activity on the Earth′s environment are very obvious .It is quite often that a major flare disturbs the atmospheric pressure, ozone layer and electricity state. These effects can be devided into two kinds. One is simultaneous effect and the other delayed one. The former includes sudden ionospheric disturbances and geomagnetic crochets, due to the EUV and soft X ray radiations from flares. The latter includes geomagnetic storms, ionospheric storms and proton events due to particle streamers. Comparison studies of flares, CMEs and interplanetary shocks with disturbances in space environment of the Earth reveal that as sources of disturbances, CMEs are much more important than solar flares. It is generally accepted that there are possibly two kinds of solar proton events. One of them originates from a flare region, the other is a gradual one and closely related with a CME. It is known that most parts of intense geomagnetic storms are led by CMEs and shocks. While the other parts by shocks only. A CME performs as a magenetic cloud in the interplanetary medium and that the vertical component of the |
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| Keywords: | Solar activity classification of activities effects on the environment of the Earth |
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