| 史前人类在青藏高原的定居与动物资源利用 |
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| 引用本文： | 王清,张颖,陈顺港,高玉,杨继帅,冉景坤,顾政权,杨晓燕.史前人类在青藏高原的定居与动物资源利用[J].地理学报,2023,78(1):177-197. |
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| 作者姓名： | 王清 张颖 陈顺港 高玉 杨继帅 冉景坤 顾政权 杨晓燕 |
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| 作者单位： | 1.中国科学院青藏高原研究所古生态与人类适应团队，北京 1001012.青藏高原地球系统与资源环境国家重点实验室，北京 1001013.中国科学院大学，北京 1000494.兰州大学资源环境学院 兰州大学西部环境教育部重点实验室，兰州 730000 |
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| 基金项目： | 国家自然科学基金重点项目(41930323);第二次青藏高原综合考察研究(2019QZKK0601) |
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| 摘 要： | 定居是人类从高度移动的游猎生活发展到全年固定于一处居住的漫长过程。定居的发生和发展对人类社会的生产方式、技术演化和文明起源具有深远影响，而定居的产生受到气候变化、人口增长、资源压力、技术革新等多种因素影响。青藏高原是研究人类适应和定居高寒缺氧极端环境的理想区域，对史前人类在青藏高原的定居过程关注较多亦争议颇多。通过梳理已发表的考古学、地理学、遗传学等相关学科文献，发现目前对于史前人类定居青藏高原的研究，侧重于讨论低海拔人群或者农作物扩散的影响，对动物资源在这一过程中的作用则关注较少，定居高原的年代和驱动机制仍存在争议。遗址使用的季节性分析，是判断古人是否全年定居的关键。本文总结了如何利用青藏高原鱼类、鸟类和哺乳类等动物遗存因地制宜进行遗址季节性分析以及建立高原遗址动物资源利用时间表的方法。本文认为，开展史前人类在青藏高原定居与动物资源利用研究，首先，应全面建立和完善青藏高原现生动物骨骼形态、全基因组和蛋白质组的数据库，为考古遗址动物遗存物种鉴定提供基础；其次，在物种鉴定的基础上，研究人—动物—环境之间的关系；最后，评估人类在遗址活动的季节性以及动物资源在人类定居青藏高原过程中的作用。
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| 关 键 词： | 动物考古 人类适应 生计模式 遗址季节性分析 大批量骨骼宏条形码分析 |
| 收稿时间： | 2022-06-02 |
| 修稿时间： | 2022-12-24 |
Human sedentism and utilization of animal resources on the prehistoric Tibetan Plateau |
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| WANG Qing,ZHANG Ying,CHEN Shungang,GAO Yu,YANG Jishuai,RAN Jingkun,GU Zhengquan,YANG Xiaoyan.Human sedentism and utilization of animal resources on the prehistoric Tibetan Plateau[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2023,78(1):177-197. |
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| Authors: | WANG Qing ZHANG Ying CHEN Shungang GAO Yu YANG Jishuai RAN Jingkun GU Zhengquan YANG Xiaoyan |
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| Abstract: | It is a long process for human to shift from highly mobile to year-round sedentary lifeways. Sedentism had a profound impact on the subsistence, technologies, and ultimately the origin of civilization in human societies. The emergence of sedentism was effected by climate change, population growth, resource pressure, technological innovation and so forth. The Tibetan Plateau is a key region to study human evolution and adaptation to extreme environment due to the alpine and hypoxia conditions. How people adapted and permanently occupied the Tibetan Plateau has been a heated debate in the past decades, but the prehistoric process of sedentism on the Tibetan Plateau is still ambiguous. By reviewing the published archaeological and genetics research, we find that current studies of prehistoric human sedentism on the Tibetan Plateau focused on agricultural diffusion from low-altitude to high-altitude areas and its effects; Few attentions were paid to the role of animal resources in the process of sedentism, and the chronological sequence and driving mechanism of sedentism on the Tibetan Plateau are still controversial. Seasonality analysis is crucial to determine whether a site is occupied year-round. We summarized the methods for seasonality analysis using animal remains, and put forward some suggestions on how to efficiently establish the schedule of animal resources utilization at a site according to the local conditions. Firstly, the database of skeletal morphology, whole genome and proteome of modern animals on the Tibetan Plateau should be established to provide a basis for the identification of animal remains from archaeological sites. Subsequently, the human-animal-environment relationship and the role of animal resources in human sedentism process on the Tibetan Plateau should be evaluated. |
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| Keywords: | zooarchaeology human adaptation subsistence seasonality analysis bulk-bone metabarcoding |
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