An Apatite II permeable reactive barrier to remediate groundwater containing Zn,Pb and Cd |
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| Institution: | 1. New Mexico State University at CEMRC, 1400 University Drive, Carlsbad, NM, USA;2. PIMS NW Inc., 403 W. Riverside Drive, Carlsbad, NM, USA;1. School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Queen’s Buildings, The Parade, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK;2. Interface Analysis Centre, School of Physics, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TL, UK;1. Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq;2. Faculty of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran;3. Laboratory for Bioremediation Research, Unit Operations Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore 641049, TN, India;4. College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, Nanshan District Key Lab. for Biopolymers and Safety Evaluation, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China;5. International Research Centre of Nanotechnology for Himalayan Sustainability (IRCNHS), Shoolini University, Solan 173212, Himachal Pradesh, India;6. School of Life and Allied Health Sciences, Glocal University, Saharanpur, India;1. Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq;2. Al-Khwarizmi College of Engineering, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq;3. Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia;1. Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, ATC Building, University of Newcastle, University Dr, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia;2. CRC for Contamination Assessment & Remediation of the Environment, ATC Building, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia;3. Waste and Contaminated Sites Laboratory, Institute for Technological Research of the State of São Paulo – IPT, São Paulo, SP 05508-901, Brazil |
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| Abstract: | Phosphate-induced metal stabilization involving the reactive medium Apatite II? Ca10?xNax(PO4)6?x(CO3)x(OH)2], where x < 1, was used in a subsurface permeable reactive barrier (PRB) to treat acid mine drainage in a shallow alluvial groundwater containing elevated concentrations of Zn, Pb, Cd, Cu, SO4 and NO3. The groundwater is treated in situ before it enters the East Fork of Ninemile Creek, a tributary to the Coeur d’Alene River, Idaho. Microbially mediated SO4 reduction and the subsequent precipitation of sphalerite ZnS] is the primary mechanism occurring for immobilization of Zn and Cd. Precipitation of pyromorphite Pb10(PO4)6(OH,Cl)2] is the most likely mechanism for immobilization of Pb. Precipitation is occurring directly on the original Apatite II. The emplaced PRB has been operating successfully since January of 2001, and has reduced the concentrations of Cd and Pb to below detection (2 μg L?1), has reduced Zn to near background in this region (about 100 μg L?1), and has reduced SO4 by between 100 and 200 mg L?1 and NO3 to below detection (50 μg L?1). The PRB, filled with 90 tonnes of Apatite II, has removed about 4550 kg of Zn, 91 kg of Pb and 45 kg of Cd, but 90% of the immobilization is occurring in the first 20% of the barrier, wherein the reactive media now contain up to 25 wt% Zn. Field observations indicate that about 30% of the Apatite II material is spent (consumed). |
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