Spatial variations in water composition at a northern Canadian lake impacted by mine drainage |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Earth Sciences, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue, Waterloo, Ont., Canada N2L 3G1;2. National Water Research Institute, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, P.O. Box 5050, Burlington, Ont., Canada L7R 4A6;3. Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of British Columbia, 6339 Stores Road, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4;1. Analytical Chemistry Branch, Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, Chalk River, K0J 1J0, Canada;2. Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, K7K 7B4, Canada;1. Department of Geological Sciences and Geological Engineering, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada;2. U.S. Geological Survey, 3215 Marine St., Boulder, CO 80303-1066, USA;1. School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Linyi University, Linyi 276005, China;2. The Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030053, China;3. College of Chemical Engineering and Environment, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China |
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| Abstract: | Release of acid drainage from mine-waste disposal areas is a problem of international scale. Contaminated surface water, derived from mine wastes, orginates both as direct surface runoff and, indirectly, as subsurface groundwater flow. At Camp Lake, a small Canadian Shield lake that is in northern Manitoba and is ice-covered 6 months of the year, direct and indirect release of drainage from an adjacent sulfide-rich tailings impoundment has severely affected the quality of the lake water. Concentrations of the products from sulfide oxidation are extremely high in the pore waters of the tailings impoundment. Groundwater and surface water derived from the impoundment discharge into a semi-isolated shallow bay in Camp Lake. The incorporation of this aqueous effluent has altered the composition of the lake water, which in turn has modified the physical limnology of the lake. Geochemical profiles of the water column indicate that, despite its shallow depth (6 m), the bay is stratified throughout the year. The greatest accumulation of dissolved metals and SO4 is in the lower portion of the water column, with concentrations up to 8500 mg L?1 Fe, 20,000 mg L?1 SO4, 30 mg L?1 Zn, 100 mg L?1 Al, and elevated concentrations of Cu, Cd, Pb and Ni. Meromictic conditions and very high solute concentrations are limited to the bay. Outside the bay, solute concentrations are lower and some stratification of the water column exists. Identification of locations and composition of groundwater discharge relative to lake bathymetry is a fundamental aspect of understanding chemical evolution and physical stability of mine-impacted lakes. |
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