| 全球生态系统的状况与趋势 |
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| 引用本文： | 张永民,赵士洞.全球生态系统的状况与趋势[J].地球科学进展,2007,22(4):403-409. |
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| 作者姓名： | 张永民 赵士洞 |
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| 作者单位： | 1. 河南财经学院资源与环境科学系,河南,郑州,450002
2. 中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所,北京,100101 |
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| 摘 要： | 简要介绍了千年生态系统评估（MA）项目状况与趋势工作组的报告《生态系统与人类福祉：现状与趋势》中的第3部分，即“对提供生态系统服务的各类系统的评估”。评估结果表明，在20世纪的后50年，全球生态系统的变化幅度和速度皆超过了人类历史上有记录的任何一个相等时间段的情况，目前人类活动实际上已经显著地改变了地球上的所有生态系统。这些变化主要表现在：① 大约1/4的地球陆地表层已经转变为垦殖系统，而且在1950年之后的30年中，转变为农田的土地面积比1700—1850年这150年间转变的总和还要多；②全球大多数的重要流域，由于水资源利用造成的栖息地丧失与破碎化，以及由于养分、沉积物、盐分及有毒物质造成的污染，已经显著地破坏了河流、湖泊和盐水沼泽等湿地生态系统的功能与生物多样性；③ 旱区系统存在着水资源匮乏、过度垦殖、过度放牧和过度砍伐树木等问题，生态状况尤其令人担忧；④ 栖息地的丧失与破碎化、过度开发、污染以及气候变化，已经对海滨系统造成了严重的生态威胁；⑤ 不可持续的农业开发模式，已经严重地破坏了热带森林生态系统的结构与功能。
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| 关 键 词： | 全球生态系统 千年生态系统评估 状况与趋势 |
| 文章编号： | 1001-8166（2007）04-0403-07 |
| 收稿时间： | 2007-02-28 |
| 修稿时间： | 2007-02-28 |
The Condition and Trends of the World's Ecosystems |
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| ZHANG Yong-min,ZHAO Shi-dong.The Condition and Trends of the World''''s Ecosystems[J].Advance in Earth Sciences,2007,22(4):403-409. |
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| Authors: | ZHANG Yong-min ZHAO Shi-dong |
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| Institution: | 1.Department of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Henan University of Finance and Economics,Zhengzhou 450002, China; 2. Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China |
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| Abstract: | Based on ten system categories, including marine, coastal, inland water, forest, dryland, island, mountain, polar, cultivated and urban, changes in the world's ecosystems during the second half of the twentieth century were assessed in the report of MA's condition and trends working group. It indicated that the world's ecosystems changed more rapidly in the second half of the twentieth century than at any time in recorded human history, and virtually all of Earth's ecosystems have now been significantly transformed through human history. The main results are as follows: ① the most significant change in the world's ecosystems has been the transformation of approximately one quarter of Earth's terrestrial surface to cultivated systems, and more land was converted to cropland in the 30 years after 1950 than in the 150 years between 1700 and 1850； ② wetlands, including rivers, lakes, and salt and saltwater marshes, where water abstraction, habitat loss and fragmentation, and pollution by nutrients, sediments, salts, and toxins have significantly impaired ecosystem function and biodiversity in most major drainage basins; ③ in the arid parts of the world, a large, growing and poor population often coincides with water scarcity, cultivation on marginal lands, overgrazing, and overharvesting of trees; ④ particular coastal systems, notably coral reefs, estuaries, mangroves, and urbanized coasts, where habitat loss and fragmentation, overharvesting, pollution, and climate change are the key issues; ⑤ tropical forests, where unsustainable harvesting and clearing for agriculture threatens biodiversity and the global climate. |
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| Keywords: | The world's ecosystems Millennium ecosystem assessment The condition and trends |
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