Grand Challenges in Metal Life Cycles |
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| Authors: | T E Graedel |
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| Institution: | 1.Center for Industrial Ecology,Yale University,New Haven,USA |
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| Abstract: | Metal life cycles define and quantify the rates of supply and demand for metals currently used in modern society. Each metal life cycle stage is potentially influenced by material transformation losses, import/export flows, and stockpiling. Flows and stocks in metal life cycles, the rates of by-product extraction, determinations of metal stocks in use, and scrap generation rates remain difficult to quantify, rendering it difficult to make reasonable estimates of the future supply of secondary metals and, therefore, of the future demands for primary metals. This paper presents four grand challenges to geologists, materials scientists, product designers, and industrial ecologists. Addressing these challenges is a prerequisite to achieving better resource efficiencies, as well as to addressing our moral obligation to enable a resource-sufficient life for future generations. |
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