Impacts of sparing use of water on farmer income of China |
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| Institution: | 1. School of Economics & Management, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China;2. Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;3. Center for Chinese Agricultural Policy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;1. Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China;2. Faculty of Resources and Environmental Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430062, China;3. Hubei Key Laboratory of Regional Development and Environmental Response, Wuhan, Hubei, 430062, China;4. School of Public Administration, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China;1. Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia;2. Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Egypt;3. Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia;4. Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, UK;1. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Exotic & Invasive Weed Research, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA;2. University of California Davis, Department of Plant Sciences, Mail Stop 4, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA;1. Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Veve?í 97, CZ-60200 Brno, Czech Republic;2. School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068, Blindern, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway |
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| Abstract: | We examine relationships between nationwide sparing use of water and farmer income of China in this article. As increasing implementation of water projects and irrigation system, the cost of water use has increased in many regions. However, as local policy-oriented urban expansion and ecological restoration have carried out during the past decade, water demand has increased. The spatial distributions of water use and farmer income are uneven and their relationships are ambiguous over time, especially it is uncertain that farmers can benefit from those so called water-saving programs when urban expansion grows faster in China. Based on consumption theory, empirical results of Blundell–Bond dynamic panel-data model with generalized method of moments (GMM) estimators indicate saving one percent of water has positive impacts at 0.085–0.35 percent on farmer income in the following statistical year. Population has negative impacts on farmer income. Particularly in Central China, one percent of increase in population will statistically significantly decrease 0.276 percent of contemporaneous farmer income. Particularly, in Eastern China with large population during years 2004 through 2012, the total amount of water use increases one percent, contemporaneous farmer income loses 0.04 percent. Thus, saving water can benefit future farmer income, and it indicates that urban expansion may induce the diversion of resources and agricultural production from rural to urban area. Policy implication of relationships between water allocation and farmer income distribution caused by water-saving programs needs to be further studied at regional scale, in particularly to the regions with large population and urban expansion in China. |
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| Keywords: | Water use Farmer Income Water saving China GMM |
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