On the ascent and emplacement of granitoid magma bodies dynamic-thermal numerical models |
| |
Authors: | Nina Kukowski Horst J Neugebauer |
| |
Institution: | (1) Present address: Geodynamik-Physik der Lithosphäre, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Nußallee 8, D-5300 Bonn 1 |
| |
Abstract: | The intrusion of granitoid magmas is understood as a lower and mid crustal process. Field observations and laboratory experiments give strong reason that most granitoid plutons are formed by diapiric ascent and emplacement of large magma bodies.On this basis, the ascent and emplacement of granitoid magmas is modelled by two-dimensional finite element calculations. The physical concept for this process provides convective transport of matter and heat, an isolated finite source region, variable source temperatures as well as variable density and viscosity contrasts.The model calculations show that the structural development of the model intrusion bodies is highly dependent on the physical properties of the magma and its surroundings. The most important among them are density and viscosity. Due to the different initial conditions, stocks of several plutons in the case of high viscosity contrast or flat magma sources as well as nappe-shaped intrusion structures as a result of low viscosity contrast can be understood by the intrusive mode of emplacement. The enlargement of the negative density contrast leads to an increase of the rate of ascent, so that more advanced intrusion structures are developed.
Zusammenfassung Die Intrusion granitoider Magmen ist ein Prozeß der unteren und mittleren Kruste. Feldbefunde und Laboruntersuchungen geben Hinweise darauf, daß die meisten granitoiden Plutone durch diapirischen Aufstieg und Platznahme ausgedehnter Magmenkörper entstehen.Auf dieser Grundlage werden der Aufstieg und die Platznahme granitoider Magmen mit Hilfe von zweidimensionalen Finite Elemente Rechnungen modelliert. Das physikalische Konzept beinhaltet den konvektiven Transport von Masse und Energie, eine isolierte finite Quellregion, veränderliche Quelltemperaturen sowie einen variablen Dichte- und Viskositätskontrast.Die Modellrechnungen zeigen, daß die strukturelle Entwicklung der Modellmagmenkörper in hohem Maße von den physikalischen Parametern des Magmas und seiner Umgebung, vor allem Dichte und Viskosität, abhängt. Gemäß den unterschiedlichen Anfangsbedingungen können sowohl einige stockförmige Plutone im Falle eines hohen Viskositätskontrastes oder flacher Magmaquellen als auch deckenförmige Intrusionsstrukturen als Folge eines geringen Viskositätskontrastes mit Hilfe des intrusiven Einlagerungskonzeptes verstanden werden. Die Erhöhung des negativen Dichtekontrastes führt zu einer Erhöhung der Aufstiegsrate, so daß fortgeschrittenere Platznahmestrukturen erreicht werden können.
Résumé L'intrusion des magmas granitoïdes est un processus qui intéresse la croûte inférieure et moyenne. Les observations de terrain et les expériences en laboratoire fournissent des arguments très sérieux en faveur de la formation des plutons par montée diapirique et mise en place de corps magmatiques de grandes dimensions.Sur base de cette conception, la montée et la mise en place de magmas granitoïdes a fait l'objet d'une modélisation par éléments finis à deux dimensions. Un tel modèle fait appel à un transport convectif de matière et de chaleur, à une région-source isolée de dimension finie, à une source de température variable ainsi qu' à divers contrastes de densité et de viscosité.Les calculs montrent que le développement structural des corps intrusifs ainsi modélisés dépend essentiellement des propriétés physiques du magma et de son encaissant, en particulier de la densité et de la viscosité. Etant données diverses conditions initiales, la modélisation rend compte de plusieurs types de culots plutoniques dans le cas de contrastes de viscosité élevés ou de sources de magma d'extension horizontale, ainsi que d'intrusions en forme de nappe dans le cas de faibles contrastes de viscosité. L'accroissement des contrastes de viscosité négatifs contribue à augmenter la vitesse d'ascension, ce qui permet le développement de structures d'intrusion plus évoluées.
![Kcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1050.gif) ![rcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1090.gif) ![kcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ocy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1086.gif) ![dcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1076.gif) ![iecy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1088.gif) ![zhcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1078.gif) ![acy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1080.gif) ![Icy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1048.gif) ![ncy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1085.gif) ![tcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1090.gif) ![rcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ucy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1091.gif) ![zcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1079.gif) ![icy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1080.gif) ![gcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1075.gif) ![rcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1080.gif) ![tcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1086.gif) ![icy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1080.gif) ![dcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ocy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1086.gif) ![mcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1084.gif) ![acy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1072.gif) ![gcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1075.gif) ![mcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1084.gif) — ![pcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1086.gif) ![tscy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1094.gif) ![iecy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1089.gif) , ![pcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1088.gif) ![tcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1077.gif) ![kcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1082.gif) ![acy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1072.gif) ![yucy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1102.gif) ![shchcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1097.gif) ![icy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ncy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1080.gif) ![zhcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1078.gif) ![ncy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1080.gif) ![scy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1089.gif) ![rcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1077.gif) ![dcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ncy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ocy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1086.gif) ![tcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1077.gif) ![lcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1083.gif) ![acy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1072.gif) ![kcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1086.gif) ![rcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1088.gif) . ![Rcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1056.gif) ![acy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1072.gif) ![bcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1073.gif) ![ocy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1086.gif) ![tcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1090.gif) ![pcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1077.gif) ![vcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ycy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1099.gif) ![ucy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1091.gif) ![scy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1089.gif) ![lcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ocy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1086.gif) ![vcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1074.gif) ![icy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1080.gif) ![yacy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1103.gif) ![dcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ncy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ncy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ycy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1099.gif) ![lcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1083.gif) ![acy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1072.gif) ![bcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1073.gif) ![ocy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1086.gif) ![rcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1086.gif) ![rcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ncy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ycy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1099.gif) ![icy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1080.gif) ![scy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1089.gif) ![lcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1077.gif) ![dcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ocy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1086.gif) ![vcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1074.gif) ![acy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ucy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1091.gif) ![kcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1082.gif) ![acy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1072.gif) ![zcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1079.gif) ![ycy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1099.gif) ![vcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1074.gif) ![acy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1072.gif) ![yucy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1102.gif) ![ncy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1085.gif) ![tcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1090.gif) , ![chcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1095.gif) ![tcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1090.gif) ![bcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1073.gif) ![lcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1100.gif) ![shcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1096.gif) ![icy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ncy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1085.gif) ![scy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1090.gif) ![vcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1074.gif) ![gcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1075.gif) ![rcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1080.gif) ![tcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1086.gif) ![icy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ncy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ycy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1099.gif) ![pcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1087.gif) ![lcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ucy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1091.gif) ![tcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ncy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ocy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1086.gif) ![bcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1073.gif) ![rcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1072.gif) ![zcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1079.gif) ![ocy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1086.gif) ![vcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1074.gif) ![acy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1072.gif) ![lcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1083.gif) ![scy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1089.gif) ![rcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1077.gif) ![zcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1079.gif) ![ucy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1091.gif) ![lcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1100.gif) ![tcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1090.gif) ![acy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1090.gif) ![dcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1076.gif) ![icy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1080.gif) ![acy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1072.gif) ![pcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1086.gif) ![vcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ocy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1086.gif) ![gcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1075.gif) ![pcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1086.gif) ![dcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ncy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1085.gif) ![yacy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1103.gif) ![tcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1090.gif) ![icy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1080.gif) ![vcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ncy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1085.gif) ![iecy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1077.gif) ![dcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1076.gif) ![rcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1080.gif) ![rcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1072.gif) ![scy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1089.gif) ![shcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1096.gif) ![icy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1080.gif) ![rcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1088.gif) ![yacy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1103.gif) ![yucy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1102.gif) ![shchcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1097.gif) ![icy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1080.gif) ![khcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1093.gif) ![scy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1089.gif) ![mcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1084.gif) ![acy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1072.gif) ![gcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1075.gif) ![mcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1084.gif) ![tcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1090.gif) ![icy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1080.gif) ![chcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1095.gif) ![iecy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1089.gif) ![kcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1082.gif) ![icy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1080.gif) ![tcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1077.gif) .![Ncy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1053.gif) ![ocy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ncy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1086.gif) ![vcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1074.gif) ![acy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ecy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1101.gif) ![tcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1090.gif) ![icy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1080.gif) ![dcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1076.gif) ![acy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ycy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1099.gif) ![pcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1086.gif) ![mcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1084.gif) ![ocy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1086.gif) ![shcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1096.gif) ![softcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1100.gif) ![dcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1076.gif) ![vcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ucy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1091.gif) ![mcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1084.gif) ![iecy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1086.gif) ![gcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1075.gif) ![mcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1084.gif) ![iecy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1077.gif) ![tcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1086.gif) ![dcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1076.gif) ![pcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1086.gif) ![vcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1074.gif) ![iecy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1077.gif) ![lcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1083.gif) ![rcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1072.gif) ![scy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1089.gif) ![scy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1089.gif) ![iecy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1077.gif) ![tcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1090.gif) ![mcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1084.gif) ![ocy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1086.gif) ![dcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1076.gif) ![iecy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1077.gif) ![lcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1083.gif) ![pcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1086.gif) ![dcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ncy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1085.gif) ![yacy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1103.gif) ![tcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1090.gif) ![icy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1080.gif) ![vcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ncy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1085.gif) ![iecy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1077.gif) ![dcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1076.gif) ![rcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1080.gif) ![gcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1075.gif) ![rcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1080.gif) ![tcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1086.gif) ![icy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1080.gif) ![dcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ncy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ycy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1099.gif) ![mcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1084.gif) ![acy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1072.gif) ![scy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1089.gif) . ![Ncy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1053.gif) ![ocy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ncy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1086.gif) ![vcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1074.gif) ![acy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1080.gif) ![fcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1092.gif) ![icy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1080.gif) ![zcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1079.gif) ![icy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1080.gif) ![chcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1095.gif) ![iecy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1089.gif) ![kcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1082.gif) ![pcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1077.gif) ![dcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1076.gif) ![scy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1090.gif) ![acy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1072.gif) ![vcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1074.gif) ![lcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1080.gif) ![pcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ncy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1085.gif) ![mcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1084.gif) ![acy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1072.gif) ![lcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1083.gif) ![vcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1074.gif) ![vcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ncy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1080.gif) ![mcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1084.gif) ![acy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1080.gif) ![scy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1089.gif) ![lcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ucy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1091.gif) ![yucy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1102.gif) ![shchcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1097.gif) ![icy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1080.gif) ![pcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1087.gif) ![acy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1072.gif) ![rcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1072.gif) ![mcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1084.gif) ![iecy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1077.gif) ![tcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1090.gif) ![rcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1088.gif) : ![kcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ncy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1085.gif) ![vcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1074.gif) ![iecy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1077.gif) ![kcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1082.gif) ![tscy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1094.gif) ![icy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1080.gif) ![mcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1084.gif) ![acy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1072.gif) ![scy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1089.gif) ![scy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ecy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1101.gif) ![ncy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1085.gif) ![iecy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1088.gif) ![gcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1075.gif) ![icy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1080.gif) , ![vcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ycy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1099.gif) ![dcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1076.gif) ![iecy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1077.gif) ![iecy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1080.gif) ![kcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ncy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1085.gif) ![iecy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1077.gif) ![chcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1095.gif) ![ncy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ocy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1086.gif) ![bcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1073.gif) ![lcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1083.gif) ![acy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1072.gif) ![scy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1090.gif) ![icy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1080.gif) ![scy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ocy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1086.gif) ![chcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1095.gif) ![ncy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1080.gif) ![kcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1082.gif) , ![icy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1080.gif) ![zcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1079.gif) ![mcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1084.gif) ![iecy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1085.gif) ![iecy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1080.gif) ![tcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1077.gif) ![pcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1087.gif) ![iecy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ucy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1091.gif) ![rcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1077.gif) ![gcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1075.gif) ![kcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1077.gif) ![bcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1073.gif) ![acy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1080.gif) ![pcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1087.gif) ![lcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ocy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1086.gif) ![tcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1090.gif) ![vcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1074.gif) ![yacy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1103.gif) ![zcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1079.gif) ![kcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1090.gif) ![rcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1072.gif) ![scy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1089.gif) ![lcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1083.gif) ![acy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1072.gif) ![vcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1074.gif) . ![pcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1086.gif) ![mcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1084.gif) ![ocy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1086.gif) ![shchcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1097.gif) ![softcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1100.gif) ![ecy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1101.gif) ![tcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1090.gif) ![icy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1080.gif) ![mcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1084.gif) ![ocy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1086.gif) ![dcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1076.gif) ![iecy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1077.gif) ![lcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ucy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1091.gif) ![dcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1076.gif) ![acy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1072.gif) ![lcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ocy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ocy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1086.gif) ![tcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1090.gif) ![mcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1084.gif) ![iecy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1077.gif) ![tcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1090.gif) ![icy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1080.gif) ![tcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1090.gif) , ![chcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1095.gif) ![scy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1090.gif) ![rcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ucy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1091.gif) ![kcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1082.gif) ![tcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ucy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1091.gif) ![rcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ncy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1086.gif) ![rcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1072.gif) ![zcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1079.gif) ![vcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1074.gif) ![icy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1080.gif) ![tcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1090.gif) ![mcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1084.gif) ![acy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1072.gif) ![gcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1075.gif) ![mcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1084.gif) ![acy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1090.gif) ![icy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1080.gif) ![chcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1095.gif) ![iecy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1089.gif) ![kcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1082.gif) ![icy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1080.gif) ![tcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1077.gif) ![vcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ycy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1099.gif) ![scy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1089.gif) ![shcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1096.gif) ![iecy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1077.gif) ![pcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1087.gif) ![iecy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1085.gif) ![zcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1079.gif) ![acy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1072.gif) ![vcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1074.gif) ![icy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1080.gif) ![scy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1089.gif) ![icy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ocy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1086.gif) ![vcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1074.gif) ![shcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1096.gif) ![ncy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1085.gif) ![acy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1072.gif) ![zcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1079.gif) ![vcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1074.gif) ![acy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ncy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ycy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1099.gif) ![pcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1087.gif) ![acy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1072.gif) ![rcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1072.gif) ![mcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1084.gif) ![iecy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1086.gif) , ![ocy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ocy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1086.gif) ![bcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1073.gif) ![iecy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ncy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1090.gif) , ![ocy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1086.gif) ![pcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1087.gif) ![lcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ocy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1086.gif) ![tcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1090.gif) ![vcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1074.gif) ![yacy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1103.gif) ![zcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1079.gif) ![kcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1090.gif) . ![zcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1079.gif) ![acy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1072.gif) ![vcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1074.gif) ![scy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1089.gif) ![icy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1080.gif) ![mcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1084.gif) ![ocy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1086.gif) ![rcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1072.gif) ![zcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1079.gif) ![lcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1083.gif) ![icy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1080.gif) ![chcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1095.gif) ![icy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1080.gif) ![icy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1080.gif) ![scy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1089.gif) ![khcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1093.gif) ![ocy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1086.gif) ![dcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ncy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ycy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1099.gif) ![ucy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1091.gif) ![scy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1089.gif) ![lcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ocy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1086.gif) ![vcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1074.gif) ![icy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1080.gif) ![mcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1084.gif) ![ocy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1086.gif) ![gcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1075.gif) ![ucy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1091.gif) ![pcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1086.gif) ![yacy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1103.gif) ![vcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1074.gif) ![lcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1083.gif) ![tcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1090.gif) ![softcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1100.gif) ![scy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1089.gif) ![kcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1082.gif) ![acy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1072.gif) ![shcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1096.gif) ![tcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1086.gif) ![kcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ocy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1086.gif) ![bcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1073.gif) ![rcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1072.gif) ![zcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1079.gif) ![ncy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ycy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1099.gif) ![pcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1087.gif) ![lcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ucy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1091.gif) ![tcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ncy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1085.gif) , ![icy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1080.gif) ![lcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1083.gif) ![pcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1087.gif) ![lcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ocy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1089.gif) ![kcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1082.gif) ![icy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1080.gif) ![icy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1080.gif) ![scy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1086.gif) ![chcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1095.gif) ![icy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1080.gif) ![kcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1082.gif) ![mcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1084.gif) ![acy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1072.gif) ![gcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1075.gif) ![scy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1089.gif) ![lcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ucy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1091.gif) ![chcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1095.gif) ![acy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1072.gif) ![bcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1073.gif) ![ocy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1100.gif) ![shcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1096.gif) ![icy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1080.gif) ![rcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1072.gif) ![zcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1079.gif) ![lcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1083.gif) ![icy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1080.gif) ![chcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1095.gif) ![icy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1080.gif) ![vcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1074.gif) ![yacy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1103.gif) ![zcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1079.gif) ![kcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1090.gif) , ![tcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1090.gif) ![pcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1086.gif) ![kcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1082.gif) ![rcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1086.gif) ![vcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ncy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ycy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1099.gif) ![scy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1090.gif) ![rcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ucy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1091.gif) ![kcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1082.gif) ![tcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ucy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1091.gif) ![rcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ncy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1085.gif) ![tcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1090.gif) ![rcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ucy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1091.gif) ![zcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1079.gif) ![icy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1080.gif) ![rcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1077.gif) ![zcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1079.gif) ![ucy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1091.gif) ![lcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1100.gif) ![tcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1090.gif) ![acy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1072.gif) ![iecy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1085.gif) ![iecy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1077.gif) ![zcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1079.gif) ![ncy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1085.gif) ![acy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1072.gif) ![chcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1095.gif) ![icy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1080.gif) ![tcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1077.gif) ![lcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1100.gif) ![ncy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ycy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1099.gif) ![icy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1080.gif) ![zcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1079.gif) ![mcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1084.gif) ![iecy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1085.gif) ![iecy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1080.gif) . ![Pcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1055.gif) ![ocy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1086.gif) ![vcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ycy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1099.gif) ![shcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1096.gif) ![iecy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ocy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1086.gif) ![tcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1090.gif) ![rcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1080.gif) ![tscy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1094.gif) ![acy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1077.gif) ![lcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1100.gif) ![ncy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1086.gif) ![gcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1075.gif) ![rcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1072.gif) ![zcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1079.gif) ![lcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1083.gif) ![icy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1080.gif) ![chcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1095.gif) ![icy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1080.gif) ![pcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1087.gif) ![lcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ocy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1086.gif) ![tcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ncy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1090.gif) ![pcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1080.gif) ![vcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ocy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1086.gif) ![dcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1076.gif) ![icy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1080.gif) ![pcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1086.gif) ![vcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ycy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1099.gif) ![shcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1096.gif) ![iecy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1080.gif) ![scy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1089.gif) ![kcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1086.gif) ![rcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1090.gif) ![pcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1086.gif) ![dcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ncy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1085.gif) ![yacy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1103.gif) ![tcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1090.gif) ![icy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1080.gif) ![rcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1072.gif) ![scy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1089.gif) ![pcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1087.gif) ![lcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1083.gif) ![acy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1072.gif) ![vcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ocy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1086.gif) ![tcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1086.gif) ![gcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1075.gif) ![dcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1076.gif) ![pcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1086.gif) ![yacy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1103.gif) ![vcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1074.gif) ![lcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1083.gif) ![yacy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1103.gif) ![yucy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1102.gif) ![tcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1090.gif) ![scy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ucy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1091.gif) ![vcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1074.gif) ![lcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1083.gif) ![icy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1080.gif) ![chcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1095.gif) ![iecy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ocy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1086.gif) ![bcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1073.gif) ![hardcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1098.gif) ![iecy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1077.gif) ![mcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1084.gif) ![mcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1084.gif) ![acy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1072.gif) ![gcy](/content/q5115r0v45676l41/xxlarge1075.gif) .
Notation
a
thermal expansion coefficient
- Cp
specific heat capacity
- Di
dissipation number (model specific)
- g
gravity acceleration
-
dynamic viscosity
- h
heigth of model
-
thermal diffusivity
- Q
heat flow
- Ra
Rayleigh number
- R(v)
differential operator
-
p
density
- t
time
- T
absolute temperature
- v
velocity
- V
volume
- w
vertical component of velocity
- x
horizontal coordinate
-
stream function
- z
vertical coordinate |
| |
Keywords: | |
本文献已被 SpringerLink 等数据库收录! |
|