Strengthening foundations of seismically weak buildings on sandy soils in Denizli,Turkey |
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| Authors: | Erdal Akyol |
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| Institution: | (1) Engineering Faculty, Pamukkale University, 20070 Denizli, Turkey |
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| Abstract: | Rare earth elements (REE) have been extensively used to indicate for material provenance since they behave conservatively and mainly transport in particulate form during earth surface processes. Nevertheless, the application of REE for material provenance study has to be cautious because grain size and mineral fractionations can alter bulk compositions of weathered sediments. Central Asia is one of the most important dust source regions globally and numerous studies on REE compositions of surface materials have been conducted. In this study, REE compositions of various materials from this area are summarized to explore the existing REE-related problems. Overall, chondrite-normalized REE patterns for many surface materials are so uniform that they cannot serve as reliable approaches in tracing material source regions. In contrast, great variations of REE compositions occur among different materials that are derived even from the same parent rock due to influences of grain-size distributions and heavy minerals. For the same reason, small-scale loess around the Tibetan Plateau has different upper continental crust (UCC)-normalized REE patterns compared to those of typical loess. Therefore, great cautions should be made when UCC-normalized REE patterns and REE ratios are utilized to investigate material provenance. Finally, some suggestions are proposed for such studies in future. |
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