Do UK coastal and estuarine water samples pose a phototoxic threat? |
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| Institution: | 1. Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, United Kingdom;2. Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Lowestoft Laboratory, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk, NR33 OHT, UK;1. Dept. of Environmental, Social and Spatial Change, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark;2. Dept. of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK;3. Dept. of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark;4. Imaging and Analysis Centre, Natural History Museum, London, UK;1. School of Engineering and Built Environment, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, Scotland, G4 0BA, UK;2. Department of Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, Scotland, G4 0BA, UK;1. Zoological Museum Hamburg, Center of Natural History, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany;2. Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum, Department Marine Zoology, Section Crustacea, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany;3. German Centre for Marine Biodiversity Research, c/o University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany;4. A.V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, FEB RAS, Palchevskogo 17, 690041, Russia;5. Far East Federal University, Oktiabrskaya Str, 29, 690600 Vladivostok, Russia;6. Bavarian State Collection of Zoology, Münchhausenstrasse 21, 81247 München, Germany;7. Universtiy of Alaska Fairbanks, College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, 905 N. Koyukuk Drive, 245 O′Neill Bldg., 99775 Fairbanks, AK, USA;8. British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Mandingley Road, Cambridge CBE 0ET, United Kingdom;1. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nakhimovsky Pr., 36, Moscow 117997, Russia;2. Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya nab. 1, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia;1. Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Dept. of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Kamýcká 129, 16521 Prague 6, Czech Republic;2. University of South Bohemia in ?eské Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Záti?í 728/II, CZ-389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic;1. State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China;2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;3. Annis Water Resources Institute, Grand Valley State University, 740 West Shoreline Drive, Muskegon, MI 49441, USA |
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| Abstract: | Many studies have investigated phototoxicity under controlled laboratory conditions, however, few have actually demonstrated it occurring in environmental samples. Here we report on the potential for UK marine coastal waters to demonstrate phototoxicity when tested using the oyster embryo (Crassostrea gigas) bioassay in the presence UV light. Subsurface water, sea surface microlayer samples and subsurface water samples that had been extracted through solid phase extraction (SPE) columns were analysed. Results demonstrated that the majority of samples failed to display any phototoxic potential. However, those collected from Belfast Lough did display an increase in toxicity when bioassays were performed in the presence of UV light when compared to identical samples assayed in the absence of UV light. Analysis of water samples at this location identified known phototoxic PAHs, pyrene and fluoranthene. These findings suggest the need to consider the potential UV light has when determining the toxicity of environmental samples. |
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