Indications for a long-term temperature change in the polar summer middle atmosphere |
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| Institution: | 1. Forsvarets forskningsinstitutt, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway;2. Physikalisches Institut der Universität Bonn, D-53115 Bonn, Germany;1. National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan;2. Research Institute for Applied Mechanics, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasugakoen, Kasuga 816-8580, Japan;3. Department of Earth Science, University of Toyama, 3190 Gofuku, Toyama 930-8555, Japan;4. Meteorological Research Institute, Japan Meteorological Agency, 1-1 Nagamine, Tsukuba 305-0052, Japan;5. School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanaku-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea;1. Research Station of Russian Academy of Sciences, Bishkek, Russian Federation;2. Space Research Institute, Moscow, Russian Federation;3. Institute of Physics of the Earth, Moscow, Russian Federation;4. Indian Institute of Geomagnetism, Mumbai, India;1. The Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Chuou-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210, Japan;2. Department of Space and Astronautical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Chuou-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210, Japan;3. National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan;4. Department of Physical Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan;5. Mizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 00A02-12 Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa, Oshu, Iwate 023-0861, Japan;6. Department of Aerospace Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan;7. Department of Aerospace Engineering, National Defense Academy of Japan, 1-10-20 Hishirimizu, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 239-8686, Japan;8. Department of Modern Mechanical Engineering, School of Creative Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan;9. Department of Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan;10. Department of General Systems Studies, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan;11. Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan;12. National Institute of Technology, Gifu College, 2236-2 Kamimakuwa, Motosu-city, Gifu 501-0495, Japan;13. Center for Astronomy, Ibaraki University, 2-1-1 Bunkyo, Mito, Ibaraki 310-8512, Japan;14. Kashima Space Technology Center, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, 893-1 Hirai, Kashima, Ibaraki 314-8501, Japan;15. Interdisciplinary Theoretical & Mathematical Science Program (iTHEMS), RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan;p. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan;q. Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan;r. The Research Institute for Time Studies, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi, Yamaguchi 753-8511, Japan;s. Department of Earth and Space Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1, Machikaneyamacho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan;t. Institute of Astronomy & Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, P.O. Box 23-141, Taipei 10617, Taiwan;1. National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China;2. Universiy of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100149, China;3. Atmospheric and Planetary Science, Hampton University, VA 23668, USA;4. ESSIC, University of Maryland College Park, MD 20740, USA;1. SANSA Space Science, Hermanus, South Africa;2. Dept. Physics & Electronics, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa;3. Dept. Physics & Astronomy, University College London, London, UK;4. Birkeland Centre for Space Science, Dept. Physics & Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway;5. Arctic Geophysics, University Centre in Svalbard, Longyearbyen, Norway;6. Finnish Meteorologica Institute, Helsinki, Finland;7. Dept. Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK;8. Dept. Physics & Astronomy, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa;1. Institute for Advanced Study (IUSS), Pavia, Italy;2. University of Porto, Civil Engineering Department, Porto, Portugal;3. European Centre for Training and Research in Earthquake Engineering (EUCENTRE), Pavia, Italy;4. University of Pavia, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Pavia, Italy |
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| Abstract: | Middle atmosphere temperatures have been measured by in situ and by remote sensing instruments for several decades. Extensive temperature measurements by rocket-borne falling spheres (FS) were performed from Andøya Rocket Range in northern Norway from the late 1980s onwards. About 90 rockets were successfully launched within eight measurement campaigns and compiled to an empirical temperature statistic. About half of these measurements were in July and August. Since 1997 the Bonn University Rayleigh/Mie/Raman lidar has been operated at Esrange in northern Sweden during winter as well as during summer. One hundred and eight night mean temperature profiles were obtained for July and August from this data set and have been compared to the FS-statistics. A systematic difference could be observed, i.e. the weekly average temperatures taken from the FS-based empirical temperature statistics are up to 10 K warmer than the temperatures measured by lidar, depending on altitude. In particular comparisons during August show larger differences than comparisons with July data. Temperatures were additionally derived from the Rayleigh-scattered light of the Bonn University Na-resonance lidar which was operated during the 1980s at Andøya. No systematic differences between these measurements and the FS-data were found. Gravity waves, tides, volcanic aerosol, and the solar cycle are not likely to cause the observed differences, since their influence is minimised either by data selection (gravity waves and tides) or by measurement times (volcanic aerosol, solar cycle). Additionally to the temperature difference a change in the gravity wave activity was observed, in particular during summer 2002 and 2006. During these years also noctilucent clouds occurred rather late in the season. The latest unambiguous observation of a noctilucent cloud by the U. Bonn lidar at Esrange was on 24 August 2006. All these observations are indications of a long-term temperature change in the polar summer middle atmosphere as predicted by model calculations. While similar changes have already been observed at middle and low latitudes, temperature trend analyses for the polar atmosphere did not reveal any variation up to now. |
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