| 广东珠江三角洲地区茶岭遗址的水稻遗存分析 |
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| 引用本文： | 夏秀敏,张萍,吴妍.广东珠江三角洲地区茶岭遗址的水稻遗存分析[J].第四纪研究,2019(1):24-36. |
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| 作者姓名： | 夏秀敏 张萍 吴妍 |
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| 作者单位： | 中国科学院脊椎动物演化与人类起源重点实验室;中国科学院大学考古学与人类学系;广州市文物考古研究院;中国科学院生物演化与环境卓越创新中心 |
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| 基金项目： | 国家自然科学基金项目(批准号:41472145和41877427);国家重点基础研究发展计划项目(批准号:2015CB953803);中国科学院(B类)战略性先导科技专项项目(批准号:XDB26000000);中国科学院青年创新促进会(批准号:2018099)共同资助. |
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| 摘 要： | 稻作的起源与传播一直是学术界关注的热点,然而关于水稻向南传播的路径和时间节点尚有诸多疑问和缺环。广东茶岭遗址是岭南地区新石器时代末期到商周时期的重要遗存(约4500—3700 cal.a B.P.)。文章综合植硅体、大植物遗存等多方面的证据,来探讨茶岭遗址水稻遗存性质和先民生计方式,并尝试归纳水稻在岭南地区的传播进程。研究显示,至少在距今4400年前,茶岭先民已经开始种植以粳稻为主的栽培稻;新石器时代末期,该聚落的生业经济结构呈现多样化的趋势,先民同时从事水稻种植、采集业和狩猎活动来维持生计。商周时期,水稻的种植规模有所扩大,采集业仍是先民食物来源的重要组成。通过对岭南地区的史前水稻遗存梳理发现:新石器时代末期,栽培稻开始出现在岭南地区并获得较大发展,分别在距今5000年、4500年前后传入广东和广西地区;此后在4500a B.P.左右遍布粤北石峡文化各遗存中,并沿珠江进一步向岭南内陆和珠江三角洲地区扩散。茶岭遗址发现了目前珠江三角洲地区直接测年最早的水稻大植物遗存。该研究打破了珠三角地区史前渔猎采集经济结构模式的固有观念,为进一步了解水稻在岭南地区的传播提供了新的线索。
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| 关 键 词： | 水稻 茶岭遗址 岭南地区 生计方式 传播 |
THE ANALYSIS OF RICE REMAINS FROM THE CHALING SITE IN THE PEARL RIVER DELTA,GUANGDONG PROVINCE |
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| Xia Xiumin,Zhang Ping,Wu Yan.THE ANALYSIS OF RICE REMAINS FROM THE CHALING SITE IN THE PEARL RIVER DELTA,GUANGDONG PROVINCE[J].Quaternary Sciences,2019(1):24-36. |
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| Authors: | Xia Xiumin Zhang Ping Wu Yan |
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| Institution: | (Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins,Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100044;Department of Archaeology and Anthropology,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100049;Guangzhou Institute of Antiquity and Archaeology,Guangzhou 510030,Guangdong;CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment,Beijing 100044) |
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| Abstract: | The origin and spread of rice has been a hot issue in academic circles. However, there are still many questions and missing links about the route and time nodes of rice propagation to the south. Chaling site(23°18'47.63"N, 113°34'16.42"E), which was discovered in 2015 and excavated in 2017 by Guangzhou Institute of Antiquity and Archaeology, is a significant site from the late Neolithic period to the Shang and Zhou period in the north of the Pearl River Delta. It is located in Tang Village, Jiulong Town, Huangpu District, Guangzhou City. With a total area of 3113 m^2, more than 300 pottery, stone artifacts, as well as jade objects were unearthed at the Chaling site. In order to investigate human's plant utilization and the nature of rice, 21 consecutive samples for phytolith analysis from the profile, and 6 soil samples of flotation from pits and tombs were collected. AMS14C dating on 2 grains of carbonized rice and one part of organic matter from different relics indicated that this site can date back up to 4500 years and keep following up to 3700 years. A total of 20 carbonized seeds were found in 6 units, including 8 grains of rice, and a few seeds from the families Leguminosae, Solanaceae and Amaranthaceae. 6 complete grains of rice were determined as Oryza sativa japonica after measurement. Phytolith analysis showed that the ancestors of Chaling had been using cultivated rice since the early Shang period, and also exploit wild plants from the families Arecaceae, Annonaceae, and Cucurbitaceae. According to phytolith analysis, plant macroremains and other evidence, studies have shown that the ancestors begun to plant cultivated rice, which were mainly japonica rice at least 4400 years ago. At the end of the Neolithic Era, the subsistence economy was presenting a diversified trend, which the people of Chaling were engaged in planting rice, gathering wild plants and hunting animals simultaneously to maintain their life. During the Shang and Zhou dynasties, the planting scale of rice expanded gradually, but plant-gathering was still playing an important part in the food consuming. By summarizing the prehistoric rice remains of Lingnan area, we can roughly conclude that rice was introduced into Guangdong and Guangxi around 5000 and 4500 years ago, respectively. Then it was spread throughout the relics of Shixia culture in northern Guangdong about 4500 years ago, and further diffused into inland and and Pearl River Delta region. To date, research on plant macroremains indicate that the earlist dating rice remains have been identified in the Pearl River Delta. The results of this research break the inherent concept that the subsistence economy of Pearl River Delta had always been the fishing and hunting economy in prehistoric times. Meanwhile they also provide new clues for further understanding the spread of rice in Lingnan area. |
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| Keywords: | rice Chaling site Lingnan area subsistence spread |
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