Depositional environment and coal petrology of citak (akhisar) lignite deposits,west turkey |
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| Institution: | 1. Departament de Prehistòria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici B Facultat de Filosofia i Lletres, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain;2. Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain;3. Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social (IPHES), Campus Sescelades URV (Edifici W3), 43007 Tarragona, Spain;4. Departament d''Història i Història de l''Art, Facultat de Lletres, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Avinguda Catalunya 35, 43002 Tarragona, Spain;5. Department of Palaeoecology and Landscape Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, P.O. Box 94248, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands;1. Department of Earth Sciences and the Environment, University of Alicante, Apdo. Correos 99, San Vicente del Raspeig 03080, Alicante, Spain;2. Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Via di Vigna Murata, 605, 00143 Rome, Italy;1. Lower Saxony Institute for Historical Coastal Research, Wilhelmshaven, Germany;2. Department of Palynology and Climate Dynamics, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany;3. Laboratory of Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Plants, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia |
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| Abstract: | The Miocene alluvial, fluvial and lacustrine deposits occurring to the east of Akhisar (West Turkey) contain an economically potential lignite layer. This Miocene sequence is divisible into five formations, of which the Yeniköy Formation contains an autochthonous lignite horizon in its uppermost part. The Yeniköy Formation consists of, in a broadly ascending order, cross-bedded sandstones, channel-fill conglomerates, algal limestones, mudstones and carbonaceous shales. The Küçükderment Formation, which overlies the Yeniköy Formation and is composed of calcareous shale, clayey limestone, mudstone and bituminous shale, is of apparently lacustrine origin.The lignite horizon changes in thickness from 0.5 to 5 m, and is variably interbedded with clay and mudstone. It has an average calorific value of 13419 kJ/kg. The average moisture, ash and sulphur contents are 20%, 14% and 3%, respectively. Petrographic analysis indicates that the lignite samples consistently contain large amounts (more than 90%) of huminite (humocollinite, humodetrinite) and small amounts of intertinite (fusunite, semifusunite) and liptinite (resinite, sporinite, alginite). Average huminite/vitrinite reflectance ranges from 0.34 to 0.38%. In the DIN coal classification the rank features indicate “dull brown coal”.Macerals in the lignites indicate that the coal-forming peat accumulated in a predominantly forest-moor swamp environment in which reducing and low pH conditions prevailed. Spore and pollen assemblages suggest that a subtropical and humid climate existed during deposition of the coal. |
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