| 中国古地图遗产与文化价值 |
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| 引用本文： | 梁启章,齐清文,姜莉莉,张岸,梁迅.中国古地图遗产与文化价值[J].地理学报,2016,71(10):1833-1848. |
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| 作者姓名： | 梁启章 齐清文 姜莉莉 张岸 梁迅 |
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| 作者单位： | 中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所,北京 100101 |
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| 基金项目： | 基金项目：科技基础性工作专项项目(2012FY120200) |
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| 摘 要： | 中国古地图学创于公元三世纪《西晋·裴秀传》提出的“制图之体有六焉”,被西方誉为中国地图学之父的裴秀（西晋司空）,领衔制作了《禹贡地域图》十八篇和《地形方丈图》（公元224-271年）。其后的1600年间,先后完成了一批著名的中国古地图,例如南朝大臣谢庄领衔完成的”木方丈图”（公元502-557年）、隋炀帝命学者崔绩（550-618年）撰《区宇图志》（公元581-600年）、唐朝宰相贾耽领衔绘制《海内华夷图》（公元730-805年）、北宋科学家沈括领衔绘制《守令图》（公元1031-1095年）、南宋礼部尚书黄裳绘制《苏州石刻天文图》原图（公元1190年）、元代玄教宗师朱思本制作《舆地图》（公元1273-1333年）、明代航海家郑和领衔完成《郑和航海图》与地理学家罗洪先领衔制作《广舆图》（公元1504-1564年）、明代天文学家徐光启等完成的《恒星屏障图》、清代高邮知州魏源受林则徐委托编撰《海国图志》（公元1842-1852年）等,继承与发展了独特的中国古代地图学,即使西方经纬度制图技术于公元1584-1600年前后传至中国,启动了中西地图融合发展,中西两种制图理论和方法并行地使用了400余年。闻名中外的中国古地图,包括古天文图、世界图、中国图、航海图、区域图、水利图、军事图、风景名胜图、历史图、教育图等,迄今仍被国内外著名藏图机构分散地保存着,构成了世界古地图文化遗产中的重要组成部分,具有十分珍贵的文化价值,值得进一步深入探讨、挖掘和利用。本文最后初步地探讨了中国古地图的稀有价值、应用价值、历史价值、科学价值和艺术价值。
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| 关 键 词： | 古地图 古地图学 古地图遗产 古地图文化 |
| 收稿时间： | 2015-10-29 |
| 修稿时间： | 2016-03-22 |
A primary exploration of the heritage and cultural values of ancient Chinese maps |
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| LIANG Qizhang,QI Qingwen,JIANG Lili,ZHANG An,LIANG Xun.A primary exploration of the heritage and cultural values of ancient Chinese maps[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2016,71(10):1833-1848. |
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| Authors: | LIANG Qizhang QI Qingwen JIANG Lili ZHANG An LIANG Xun |
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| Institution: | Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China |
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| Abstract: | Ancient Chinese cartography dates back to the third century during the Western Jin Dynasty. Cartography was initiated during this period by Pei Xiu, a prime minister and cartographic expert who posited six principles of cartography. Pei Xiu is known in the West as the father of Chinese Cartography. He oversaw the completion of a "Yugong Diyue map"(similar historical atlas), along with 18 articles and a map of the "Terrain Fangzhang" (AD 224-271). Subsequently, a spate of cartographic initiatives followed, some of which are described below. The "wood Fang-zhang map" (similar to administrative map on the plank) was completed by Xie Zhuang, a minister during the Southern Dynasty (AD 502-557). Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty commanded the scholar Cui-ji (AD 550-618) to write the "Quyu Tuzhi" (similar to geographic chronicles, AD 581-600). Jia Dan, a prime minister during the Tang Dynasty was also a cartographic expert who led the initiative to develop a map of "Heinei Huayu" (similar to Asia map, AD 730-805). Shen Kuo, a scientist during the Northern Song Dynasty, led efforts to develop a map of "Shouling" (similar to administrative map, AD 1031-1095). Huang Chang, a cartographer and the director of the Board of Rites during the Southern Song Dynasty, created an original of "Suzhou Stone Carving Astronomic Map" (AD 1190), and between AD 1273 and 1333, Zhu Siben, an expert in cartography and a Xuan-trained master during the Yuan Dynasty, developed a map of "Yu" (similar to administrative map, AD 1273-1333). The Zhenghe navigation chart was completed by Zheng He, a navigator during the Ming Dynasty, while Luo Hongxian, a geographic expert, led efforts to develop an atlas of "Guang Yu" (similar to administrative atlas, AD 1504-1564). Xu Guangqi, an astronomer during the Ming Dynasty was responsible for completing a "Star Barrier Figure" and Wei Yuan, an officer in Gaoyou of Jiangsu province in China, was entrusted by Lin Zexu to compile the "Haiguo Tuzhi" (similar to world geographic atlas, AD 1842-1852) during the Qing Dynasty, and etc. Throughout the sixteenth century, ancient Chinese cartography developed continuously and cumulatively, shaped with the individual characteristics in the field of world cartography. Western latitude- and longitude-based mapping techniques had penetrated China much earlier in AD 1460. Thus, the theories and methods of Chinese and Western mapping systems existed in parallel with each other for over 400 years, entailing some fusion between them. The priceless cultural heritage of Chinese mapping imbues a multitude of famous ancient Chinese maps. These include astronomical figures and atlases (world maps, Chinese maps, regional maps, military maps, water conservancy maps, historical maps, and education maps), charts, and maps of scenic spots. These have hitherto been scattered across the world, housed in well-known map agencies at home and abroad. They form an important part of the global cultural heritage of ancient maps and cartography. Given their high cultural value, it would be important to further explore, extract, and utilize them. Finally, the paper gives preliminary discussion on the rare value, application value, historical value, scientific value and artistic value of ancient Chinese maps. |
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| Keywords: | ancient map ancient cartography ancient map heritage ancient map culture |
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