| 中喜马拉雅山中—尼通道沿线冰川/冰湖变化及其相关灾害初步调查 |
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| 引用本文： | 钟妍,刘巧,廖海军,刘时银.中喜马拉雅山中—尼通道沿线冰川/冰湖变化及其相关灾害初步调查[J].山地学报,2020,38(2):314-327. |
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| 作者姓名： | 钟妍 刘巧 廖海军 刘时银 |
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| 作者单位： | 中国科学院、水利部成都山地灾害与环境研究所,成都 610041;中国科学院大学,北京 100049;中国科学院、水利部成都山地灾害与环境研究所,成都 610041;云南大学 国际河流与生态安全研究院,昆明 650091 |
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| 基金项目： | 一流大学建设项目;国家自然科学基金 |
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| 摘 要： | 开展中—尼通道沿线冰川/冰湖变化及其相关灾害调查,对减少此类灾害发生、保障该地区安全、维护其在两国之间的经济、文化交流地位具有重要意义。中—尼通道地形陡峭复杂,现代冰川发育,在全球变暖的背景下冰川物质亏损显著,冰湖扩张明显,冰川相关灾害风险突出,已经引起国内外众多学者的广泛关注。本文主要运用遥感手段结合野外考察对中—尼通道沿线冰川及其相关灾害进行了初步调查,对直接影响干线通道的典型支沟流域上游冰川分布及其变化进行了统计,并初步分析了与冰川冰湖变化相关的灾害危险性。结论如下:中尼通道沿线13个子流域共发育冰川568条,总面积804.71 km2,平均冰川覆盖率为12.89%,主要集中在海拔5000~6000 m,27年间(1991—2018年)三通道内的冰川平均退缩率达9.93%。共有冰湖74个,呈逐年扩张态势,20年间(1990—2010年)冰湖平均扩张率达86.5%,其中危险冰湖共计2个。三通道内近半个世纪以来共计发生冰川/冰湖相关灾害共计9起,未来有出现(次生)泥石流/滑坡、洪水、冰湖溃决等形式灾害的可能。发生于柯西河、吉隆藏布和甘达基河一些河段的各类灾害会对山区水库和相关水电设施造成重大影响。本研究可为探讨中—尼喜马拉雅山地区冰川/冰湖变化的时空特征、冰川相关灾害的引发机制以及可能灾害预估等提供资料参考。
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| 关 键 词： | 尼泊尔 冰川变化 冰川灾害 冰湖灾害 喜马拉雅山 |
Glaciers and Glacial Lakes Status and Their Related Geo-hazards along Three Main China-Nepal Corridors |
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| ZHONG Yan,LIU Qiao,LIAO Haijun,LIU Shiyin.Glaciers and Glacial Lakes Status and Their Related Geo-hazards along Three Main China-Nepal Corridors[J].Journal of Mountain Research,2020,38(2):314-327. |
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| Authors: | ZHONG Yan LIU Qiao LIAO Haijun LIU Shiyin |
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| Institution: | (Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China;University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;Institute of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China) |
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| Abstract: | In the Himalayas,the consequences of climate change are a fairly prominent issue,the main manifestations are the significant material loss of glaciers,the apparent expansion of glacial lakes and the increased risk of glacier-related hazards.Glacier and glacial lake mapping were carried out along three China-Nepal Corridors:Nyalam(Zhangmu)-Kathmandu,Girong-Kathmandu,Mustang-Pokhara,which are located in the highly glacierized Central Himalaya.A total of 568 glaciers with a total area of 804.71 km2 and an average glacial coverage of 12.89%were mapped in the 13 sub-watersheds along the China-Nepal Corridors.These glaciers are mainly concentrated in the range of 5000~6000 m,and their shrinkage rate is 9.93%between 1990 and 2010.The 74 glacial lakes totally expanded by 86.5%.Risk assessment results of glacial lakes revealed that there were two dangerous glacial lakes in this area.A total of nine glacial/glacial lake and related disasters have occurred in the three main channels over the past half century.Primary risk assessment of glacier and glacial lake related hazards along the three corridors shows that transboundary glacial flood,glacial lake outburst floods from upper stream in China Tibet(upper Zhangmu and Girong)may impact downstream in Nepal.Some larger debris-covered glaciers located along the three corridors have high surface gradient,possible risk exist by ice avalanche and glacier flood-debris flow.Cascade hydropower stations have begun to be constructed in some sections of the lower reaches of the Koshi River,Girong Tsangpo,and Moustang.In addition to future disasters such as mudslides and landslides,attention should be paid to the upstream ice and snow related runoff changes,increasing sediment deposition and hazards(flood,glacier debris-flow)impacts.Attention should be also paid to runoff changes caused by changes in snow and ice upstream,river sediment and various hazards(landslides,floods,glacial debris flow,etc.)to mountainous areas reservoir and related hydropower facilities. |
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| Keywords: | Nepal glacier change glacier lake glacial related hazard Himalaya |
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