Sea level: A review of present-day and recent-past changes and variability |
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| Institution: | 1. Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-National Geophysical Research Institute, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 007, India;2. CSIR- National Geophysical Research Institute, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 007, India;1. Antarctic Research Centre, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand;2. Department of Oceanography, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan;3. National Oceanography Centre, European Way, Southampton SO14 37H, UK;4. EGS (Asia) Ltd., 1067 King''s Road, Quarry Bay, Hong Kong;1. School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Marine Centre Wales, Menai Bridge LL59 5AB, UK;2. School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor LL57 2UW, UK;3. Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Bangor LL57 2UW, UK;4. UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia;1. Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology and Department of Microbiology and Ecology, Edificio de Investigacion, Campus de Burjassot, Universitat de Valencia, E-46100 Burjassot, Spain;2. Professor Emeritus, Environmental Chemistry, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark |
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| Abstract: | In this review article, we summarize observations of sea level variations, globally and regionally, during the 20th century and the last 2 decades. Over these periods, the global mean sea level rose at rates of 1.7 mm/yr and 3.2 mm/yr respectively, as a result of both increase of ocean thermal expansion and land ice loss. The regional sea level variations, however, have been dominated by the thermal expansion factor over the last decades even though other factors like ocean salinity or the solid Earth's response to the last deglaciation can have played a role. We also present examples of total local sea level variations that include the global mean rise, the regional variability and vertical crustal motions, focusing on the tropical Pacific islands. Finally we address the future evolution of the global mean sea level under on-going warming climate and the associated regional variability. Expected impacts of future sea level rise are briefly presented. |
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