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Observations, Effects and Real Time Assessment of the March 11, 2011 Tohoku-oki Tsunami in New Zealand |
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| Authors: | Jose C Borrero Rob Bell Claudia Csato Willem DeLange Derek Goring S Dougal Greer Vernon Pickett William Power |
| Institution: | 1. ASR Ltd. Marine Consulting and Research, 1 Wainui Road, Raglan, New Zealand 2. Tsunami Research Center, University of Southern California, 3620 S. Vermont Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-2531, USA 8. eCoast Ltd, PO Box 151, Raglan, New Zealand 3. National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, PO Box 11115, Hamilton, 3251, New Zealand 4. Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand 5. Mulgor Consulting, PO Box 9320, Tower Junction, Christchurch, 8149, New Zealand 6. Environment Waikato, Waikato Mail Centre, Private Bag 3038, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand 7. GNS Science, 1 Fairway Drive, Avalon 5010, PO Box 30-368, Lower Hutt, 5040, New Zealand |
| Abstract: | The great Tohoku-oki earthquake of March 11, 2011 generated a devastating tsunami in the near field as well as substantial far-field effects throughout the Pacific Ocean. In New Zealand, the tsunami was widely observed and instrumentally recorded on an extensive array of coastal tidal gauges and supplemented by current velocity data from two sites. While the tsunami's first arrival was on the morning of March 12 in New Zealand, the strongest effects occurred throughout that afternoon and into the following day. Tsunami effects consisted primarily of rapid changes in water level and associated strong currents that affected numerous bays, harbors, tidal inlets and marine facilities, particularly on the northern and eastern shores of the North Island. The tsunami caused moderate damage and significant overland flooding at one location. The tsunami signal was clearly evident on tide gauge recordings for well over 2 days, clearly illustrating the extended duration of far field tsunami hazards. Real time analysis and modelling of the tsunami through the night of March 11, as the tsunami crossed the Pacific, was used as a basis for escalating the predicted threat level for the northern region of New Zealand. A comparison to recorded data following the tsunami shows that these real time prediction models were accurate despite the coarse near-shore bathymetry used in the assessment, suggesting the efficacy of such techniques for future events from far-field sources. |
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