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Evaporation from boreal reservoirs: A comparison between eddy covariance observations and estimates relying on limited data |
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| Authors: | Judith Fournier Antoine Thiboult Daniel F Nadeau Nikki Vercauteren François Anctil Annie-Claude Parent Ian B Strachan Alain Tremblay |
| Institution: | 1. Department of Civil and Water Engineering, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
CentrEau, Water Research Center, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada;2. Department of Civil and Water Engineering, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada;3. Department of Mathematics and Computer Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway;4. Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada;5. Direction Environnement, Hydro-Québec, Montreal, Quebec, Canada |
| Abstract: | Hydrological models used for reservoir management typically lack an accurate representation of open-water evaporation and must be run in a scarce data context. This study aims to identify an accurate means to estimate reservoir evaporation with simple meteorological inputs during the open-water season, using long-term eddy covariance observations from two boreal hydropower reservoirs with contrasting morphometry as reference. Unlike the temperate water bodies on which the majority of other studies have focused, northern reservoirs are governed by three distinct periods: ice cover in the cold season, warming in the summer and energy release in the fall. The reservoirs of interest are Eastmain-1 (52°N, mean depth of 11 m) and Romaine-2 (51°N, mean depth of 42 m), both located in eastern Canada. Four approaches are analysed herein: a combination approach, a radiation-based approach, a mass-transfer approach, and empirical methods. Of all the approaches, the bulk transfer equation with a constant Dalton number of 1.2 x 10?3 gave the most accurate estimation of evaporation at hourly time steps, compared with the eddy covariance observations (RMSE of 0.06 mm h?1 at Eastmain-1 and RMSE of 0.04 mm h?1 at Romaine-2). The daily series also showed good accuracy (RMSE of 1.38 mm day?1 at Eastmain-1 and RMSE of 0.62 mm day?1 at Romaine-2) both in the warming and energy release phases of the open-water season. The bulk transfer equation, on the other hand, was incapable of reproducing condensation episodes that occurred soon after ice breakup. Basic and variance-based sensitivity analyses were conducted, in particular to measure the variation in performance when the bulk transfer equation was applied with meteorological observations collected at a certain distance (~10–30 km) from the reservoir. This exercise illustrated that accurate estimates of open water evaporation require representative measurements of wind speed and water surface temperature. |
| Keywords: | boreal reservoirs bulk transfer eddy covariance evaporation scarce data |